{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:55:59Z","timestamp":1777704959285,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydroxypyridinones (HPs) are recognized as excellent chemical tools for engineering a diversity of metal chelating agents, with high affinity for hard metal ions, exhibiting a broad range of activities and applications, namely in medical, biological and environmental contexts. They are easily made and functionalizable towards the tuning of their pharmacokinetic properties or the improving of their metal complex thermodynamic stabilities. In this review, an analysis of the recently published works on hydroxypyridinone-based ligands, that have been mostly addressed for environmental applications, namely for remediation of hard metal ion ecotoxicity in living beings and other biological matrices is carried out. In particular, herein the most recent developments in the design of new chelating systems, from bidentate mono-HP to polydentate multi-HP derivatives, with a structural diversity of soluble or solid-supported backbones are outlined. Along with the ligand design, an analysis of the relationship between their structures and activities is presented and discussed, namely associated with the metal affinity and the thermodynamic stability of the corresponding metal complexes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27061966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:34:27Z","timestamp":1647812067000},"page":"1966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Hydroxypyridinone-Based Metal Chelators towards Ecotoxicity: Remediation and Biological Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4069-9368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Am\u00e9lia","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9023-2897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Irto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Universit\u00e0 di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d\u2019Alcontres, 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6714-7598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Bugly\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8554-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4207","DOI":"10.1021\/cr990114x","article-title":"Rational design of sequestering agents for plutonium and other actinides","volume":"103","author":"Gorden","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.08.008","article-title":"Hydroxypyridinones as \u201cprivileged\u201d chelating structures for the design of medicinal drugs","volume":"256","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00254","article-title":"Hydroxypyridinone journey into metal chelation","volume":"118","author":"Cilibrizzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. 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