{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T10:49:33Z","timestamp":1774608573545,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For applications related to the photocatalytic degradation of environmental contaminants, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) must demonstrate not only a high photocatalytic potential, but also a low tendency to agglomeration, along with the ability to be easily collected after use. In this manuscript, a two-step process was implemented for the synthesis of ZnO, ZnO\/Bentonite and the magnetic ZnO\/\u03b3-Fe2O3\/Bentonite nanocomposite. The synthesized materials were characterized using various techniques, and their performance in the degradation of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs), including ciprofloxacin (CIP), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and carbamazepine (CBZ) was evaluated under various operating conditions, namely the type and dosage of the applied materials, pH, concentration of pollutants, and their appearance form in the medium (i.e., as a single pollutant or as a mixture of PhACs). Among the materials studied, ZnO\/Bentonite presented the best performance and resulted in the removal of ~95% of CIP (5 mg\/L) in 30 min, at room temperature, near-neutral pH (6.5), ZnO\/Bentonite dosage of 0.5 g\/L, and under solar light irradiation. The composite also showed a high degree of efficiency for the simultaneous removal of CIP (~98%, 5 mg\/L) and SMX (~97%, 5 mg\/L) within 30 min, while a low degradation of ~5% was observed for CBZ (5 mg\/L) in a mixture of the three PhACs. Furthermore, mechanistic studies using different types of scavengers revealed the formation of active oxidative species responsible for the degradation of CIP in the photocatalytic system studied with the contribution of h+ (67%), OH (18%), and \u00b7O2\u2212 (10%), and in which holes (h+) were found to be the dominant oxidative species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27103050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T21:52:11Z","timestamp":1652219531000},"page":"3050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["ZnO\/\u03b3-Fe2O3\/Bentonite: An Efficient Solar-Light Active Magnetic Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Pharmaceutical Active Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1591-9605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Kamali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, J. De Nayerlaan, 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Yongtao","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, J. De Nayerlaan, 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3367-4314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Khalaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Planning, Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering, Aveiro Institute of Materials, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bodhi","family":"Laats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, J. De Nayerlaan, 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Teunckens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, J. De Nayerlaan, 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Verbist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, J. De Nayerlaan, 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Maria Elisabete V.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering, Aveiro Institute of Materials, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6757-1751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Capela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Planning, Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0768-6418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lise","family":"Appels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, J. De Nayerlaan, 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4717-5484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raf","family":"Dewil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, J. De Nayerlaan, 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13939-x","article-title":"Degradations of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater with carbon-based nanomaterials: A critical review","volume":"28","author":"Ojha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-016-0568-0","article-title":"Degradation of pharmaceuticals by ultrasound-based advanced oxidation process","volume":"14","author":"Rayaroth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.03.072","article-title":"Removal of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewater: High rate algae pond (HRAP) based technologies as an alternative to activated sludge based processes","volume":"139","author":"Paniw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25813","article-title":"Epidemiological analysis of COVID-19 and practical experience from China","volume":"92","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152691","article-title":"Pharmaceutical compounds used in the COVID-19 pandemic: A review of their presence in water and treatment techniques for their elimination","volume":"814","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108542","article-title":"Pharmaceutically active compounds in aqueous environment: A status, toxicity and insights of remediation","volume":"176","author":"Majumder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.01.104","article-title":"Enhancement with physicochemical and biological treatments in the removal of pharmaceutically active compounds during sewage sludge anaerobic digestion processes","volume":"316","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.07.071","article-title":"Advanced oxidation of pharmaceuticals by the ozone-activated peroxymonosulfate process: The role of different oxidative species","volume":"360","author":"Deniere","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130104","article-title":"Critical review of advanced oxidation processes in organic wastewater treatment","volume":"275","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.133208","article-title":"Advanced catalytic ozonation for degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants\u2015A review","volume":"289","author":"Issaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.216","article-title":"Application of ozonation for pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal from water","volume":"586","author":"Gomes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5549","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-019-03919-9","article-title":"Mechanism of persulfate activation with CuO for removing cephalexin and ofloxacin in water","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.123921","article-title":"Enhanced H2O2 activation and sulfamethoxazole degradation by Fe-impregnated biochar","volume":"385","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.103777","article-title":"Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater by combination of electrocoagulation, electro-fenton and photocatalytic oxidation processes","volume":"8","author":"Yatmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1710","article-title":"Pharmaceutical Wastewater Chemical Oxygen Demand Reduction: Electro-Fenton, UV-enhanced Electro-Fenton and Activated Sludge","volume":"32","author":"Behfar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NJ03478G","article-title":"Nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-doped TiO2) for visible light photocatalysis","volume":"40","author":"Ansari","year":"2016","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2017.11.023","article-title":"Synthesis of low-cost titanium dioxide-based heterojunction nanocomposite from natural ilmenite and leucoxene for electrochemical energy storage application","volume":"18","author":"Phoohinkong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2012.09.015","article-title":"Sulfate radicals induced degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A with nanoscaled magnetic CuFe2O4 as a heterogeneous catalyst of peroxymonosulfate","volume":"129","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6384","DOI":"10.1021\/es1011093","article-title":"Fe2O3-Pillared Rectorite as an Efficient and Stable Fenton-Like Heterogeneous Catalyst for Photodegradation of Organic Contaminants","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.104663","article-title":"Degradation of ciprofloxacin antibiotic using photo-electrocatalyst process of Ni-doped ZnO deposited by RF sputtering on FTO as an anode electrode from aquatic environments: Synthesis, kinetics, and ecotoxicity study","volume":"154","author":"Hosseini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.12.192","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and catalytic sorption activity of various method prepared magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticle deposition on porous BiMnOx nanotubes","volume":"698","author":"Rajabathar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2154","DOI":"10.1002\/apj.2154","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activities of novel bentonite-supported BiOCl\u2013ZnO heterojunction (BiOCl\u2013ZnO\u2013Bentonite) under UV light","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.102250","article-title":"Environmental Technology & Innovation Development and characterization of slow release N and Zn fertilizer by coating urea with Zn fortified nano-bentonite and ZnO NPs using various binders","volume":"26","author":"Umar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.03.178","article-title":"Efficient photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin and bisphenol A under visible light using Gd2WO6 loaded ZnO\/bentonite nanocomposite","volume":"481","author":"Karuppaiah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.04.010","article-title":"Sustainability of treatment technologies for industrial biowastes effluents","volume":"370","author":"Kamali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2007.07.035","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and application of Fe3O4\/ZnO core\/shell magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"43","author":"Hong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2011.04.013","article-title":"FT-IR and XRD analysis of natural Na-bentonite and Cu(II)-loaded Na-bentonite","volume":"79","author":"Zhirong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2012.03.001","article-title":"A new method for the identification and quantification of magnetite-maghemite mixture using conventional X-ray diffraction technique","volume":"94","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.12911\/22998993\/128865","article-title":"Removal of Heavy Metal by Ion Exchange Using Bentonite Clay","volume":"22","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.12.032","article-title":"Mechanisms of ciprofloxacin removal by nano-sized magnetite","volume":"246\u2013247","author":"Rakshit","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2019.1700968","article-title":"Visible active natural hematite ore incorporated ZnO composite for efficient photodegradation of ciprofloxacin","volume":"101","author":"Selvakumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2016.08.004","article-title":"Removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds from water by zinc oxide-based photocatalytic degradation: A review","volume":"27","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sevastaki, M., Papadakis, V.M., Romanitan, C., Suchea, M.P., and Kenanakis, G. (2021). Photocatalytic properties of eco-friendly ZnO nanostructures on 3d-printed polylactic acid scaffolds. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11010168"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2010.07.013","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin drug in water using ZnO nanoparticles","volume":"130","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.10.030","article-title":"Enhanced visible photocatalytic activity of cotton ball like nano structured Cu doped ZnO for the degradation of organic pollutant","volume":"134","author":"Thennarasu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2021.111677","article-title":"Recyclable ZnO\/Fe3O4 Nanocomposite with Piezotronic Effect for High Performance Photocatalysis","volume":"148","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2012.05.027","article-title":"Mechanism for translocation of fluoroquinolones across lipid membranes","volume":"1818","author":"Cramariuc","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146417","article-title":"Co-transport and retention of zwitterionic ciprofloxacin with nano-biochar in saturated porous media: Impact of oxidized aging","volume":"779","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120055","article-title":"Facile synthesis of Z-scheme composite of TiO2 nanorod\/g-C3N4 nanosheet efficient for photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin","volume":"253","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luxbacher, T. (2012). Electrokinetic Properties of Natural Fibres, Woodhead Publishing Limited.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857095510.1.185"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2020.02.030","article-title":"Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin by black Ti3+\/N-TiO2 under visible LED light irradiation: Kinetic, energy consumption, degradation pathway, and toxicity assessment","volume":"137","author":"Sarafraz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.12.184","article-title":"Adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation of ibuprofen using nanocomposites of TiO2 nanofibers combined with BN nanosheets: Degradation products and mechanisms","volume":"220","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122758","article-title":"Superior dye degradation and adsorption capability of polydopamine modified Fe3O4-pillared bentonite composite","volume":"397","author":"Ain","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.01.011","article-title":"Emerging contaminants of high concern and their enzyme-assisted biodegradation\u2014A review","volume":"124","author":"Bilal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2016.09.054","article-title":"Chemical and photocatalytic oxidative degradation of carbamazepine by using metastable Bi3+ self-doped NaBiO3 nanosheets as a bifunctional material","volume":"202","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2012.12.031","article-title":"Applied Catalysis B: Environmental Degradation of diclofenac by pyrite catalyzed Fenton oxidation","volume":"134\u2013135","author":"Bae","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153871","article-title":"Kinetics and mechanisms of the carbamazepine degradation in aqueous media using novel iodate-assisted photochemical and photocatalytic systems","volume":"825","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.126040","article-title":"Optimization of kraft black liquor treatment using ultrasonically synthesized mesoporous tenorite nanomaterials assisted by Taguchi design","volume":"401","author":"Kamali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van de Moortel, W., Kamali, M., Sniegowski, K., Braeken, L., Degr\u00e8ve, J., Luyten, J., and Dewil, R. (2020). How photocatalyst dosage and ultrasound application influence the photocatalytic degradation rate of phenol in water: Elucidating the mechanisms behind. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12061672"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2018.05.004","article-title":"A novel Z-Scheme CdS\/Bi3O4Cl heterostructure for photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics: Mineralization activity, degradation pathways and mechanism insight","volume":"91","author":"Che","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111074","article-title":"Robust magnetic ZnO-Fe2O3 Z-scheme hetereojunctions with in-built metal-redox for high performance photo-degradation of sulfamethoxazole and electrochemical dopamine detection","volume":"197","author":"Dhiman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123790","article-title":"Silicate glass matrix@Cu2O\/Cu2V2O7 p-n heterojunction for enhanced visible light photo-degradation of sulfamethoxazole: High charge separation and interfacial transfer","volume":"402","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.152302","article-title":"In situ fabrication of Bi2O3\/C3N4\/TiO2@C photocatalysts for visible-light photodegradation of sulfamethoxazole in water","volume":"580","author":"Ke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.115996","article-title":"Visible active reduced graphene oxide-BiVO4-ZnO ternary photocatalyst for efficient removal of ciprofloxacin","volume":"233","author":"Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.04.188","article-title":"Efficient degradation of atrazine by LaCoO3\/Al2O3 catalyzed peroxymonosulfate: Performance, degradation intermediates and mechanism","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EW00147F","article-title":"H2O2\/periodate (IO4\u2212): A novel advanced oxidation technology for the degradation of refractory organic pollutants","volume":"5","author":"Chadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104227","article-title":"Raw clay supported ZnO nanoparticles in photodegradation of 2-chlorophenol under direct solar radiations","volume":"8","author":"Zyoud","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.149031","article-title":"In situ phase evolution of TiO2\/Ti3C2Tx heterojunction for enhancing adsorption and photocatalytic degradation","volume":"545","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132081","article-title":"Green synthesis of Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles and its application for the photocatalytic degradation of hazardous organic pollutants","volume":"287","author":"Karthik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/10\/3050\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:08:36Z","timestamp":1760137716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/10\/3050"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27103050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27103050","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]}}}