{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T10:12:49Z","timestamp":1768731169167,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]],"date-time":"2022-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["2020.09070.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.09070.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cannabis is the most consumed illicit drug worldwide, and its legal status is a source of concern. This study proposes a rapid procedure for the simultaneous quantification of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) in urine samples. Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) was used to pre-concentrate the analytes, which were detected by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry. The procedure was previously optimized, and the final conditions were: conditioning with 50 \u00b5L methanol and 50 \u00b5L of water, sample load with two draw\u2013eject cycles, and washing with 310 \u00b5L of 0.1% formic acid in water with 5% isopropanol; the elution was made with 35 \u00b5L of 0.1% ammonium hydroxide in methanol. This fast extraction procedure allowed quantification in the ranges of 1\u2013400 ng\/mL for THC and CBD, 5\u2013400 ng\/mL for CBN and 11-OH-THC, and 10\u2013400 ng\/mL for THC-COOH with coefficients of determination higher than 0.99. The limits of quantification and detection were between 1 and 10 ng\/mL using 0.25 mL of sample. The extraction efficiencies varied between 26 and 85%. This analytical method is the first allowing the for determination of cannabinoids in urine samples using MEPS, a fast, simple, and low-cost alternative to conventional techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T03:34:56Z","timestamp":1661744096000},"page":"5503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Determination of Cannabinoids in Urine Samples Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0461-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana M.","family":"Rosendo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, Ubimedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2517-7801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrik","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3199-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Y.","family":"Sim\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, Ubimedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Margalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Qu\u00edmica e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ci\u00eancias Forenses-Delega\u00e7\u00e3o do Centro, 3000-213 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Suzel","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Qu\u00edmica e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ci\u00eancias Forenses-Delega\u00e7\u00e3o do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6910-7576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds A.","family":"Passarinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, Ubimedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO-Apllied Molecular Bioesciences Unit, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8848-2734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Qu\u00edmica e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ci\u00eancias Forenses-Delega\u00e7\u00e3o do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, Ubimedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, July 09). Cannabis: Health and Social Responses. Available online: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/mini-guides\/cannabis-health-and-social-responses_en."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, J., Rosado, T., Soares, S., Sim\u00e3o, A., Caramelo, D., Lu\u00eds, \u00c2., Fern\u00e1ndez, N., Barroso, M., Gallardo, E., and Duarte, A. (2019). Cannabis and Its Secondary Metabolites: Their Use as Therapeutic Drugs, Toxicological Aspects, and Analytical Determination. Medicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6010031"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2021). 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