{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T05:11:42Z","timestamp":1769317902730,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["UIDB\/00081\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00081\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and FEDER\/COMPETE","award":["UIDB\/00081\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00081\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and FEDER\/COMPETE","award":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Targeting antioxidants to mitochondria is considered a promising strategy to prevent cellular senescence and skin ageing. In this study, we investigate whether four hydroxybenzoic acid-based mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (MitoBENs, MB1-4) could be used as potential active ingredients to prevent senescence in skin cells. Firstly, we evaluated the chemical stability, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity of all compounds. We followed this by testing the antioxidant protective capacity of the two less toxic compounds on human skin fibroblasts. We then assessed the effects of the best hit on senescence, inflammation and mitochondrial remodeling on a 3D skin cell model, while also testing its mutagenic potential. Cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity rankings were produced: MB3 &lt; MB4 \u2243 MB1 &lt; MB2 and MB3 &lt; MB1 &lt; MB4 &lt; MB2, respectively. These results suggest that pyrogallol-based compounds (MB2 and MB4) have lower cytotoxicity. The pyrogallol derivative, MB2, containing a 6-carbon spacer, showed a more potent antioxidant protective activity against hydrogen peroxide cytotoxicity. In a 3D skin cell model, MB2 also decreased transcripts related to senescence. In sum, MB2\u2019s biological safety profile, good chemical stability and lack of mutagenicity, combined with its anti-senescence effect, converts MB2 into a good candidate for further development as an active ingredient for skin anti-ageing products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T05:33:14Z","timestamp":1663824794000},"page":"6183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Targeting Hydroxybenzoic Acids to Mitochondria as a Strategy to Delay Skin Ageing: An In Vitro Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mitotag, Biocant Park, Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Cantanhede, N\u00facleo 04, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"},{"name":"CIQUP-IMS\/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9410-6874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Cagide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUP-IMS\/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2157-9571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mitotag, Biocant Park, Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Cantanhede, N\u00facleo 04, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Pita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mitotag, Biocant Park, Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Cantanhede, N\u00facleo 04, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6532-2989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eurico","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mitotag, Biocant Park, Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Cantanhede, N\u00facleo 04, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3922-1014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afonso J. C.","family":"Videira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mitotag, Biocant Park, Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Cantanhede, N\u00facleo 04, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUP-IMS\/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 F. S.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mitotag, Biocant Park, Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Cantanhede, N\u00facleo 04, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio M. S.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mitotag, Biocant Park, Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Cantanhede, N\u00facleo 04, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5201-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo J.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1050-2402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUP-IMS\/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7143-8905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filomena S. G.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mitotag, Biocant Park, Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Cantanhede, N\u00facleo 04, Lote 4, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2007.00415.x","article-title":"Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in skin ageing: A review","volume":"30","author":"Farage","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. 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