{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:22:04Z","timestamp":1775175724456,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["CEECIND\/03988\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/03988\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["CEEC- IND\/02702\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC- IND\/02702\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["CEECIND\/03988\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/03988\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["CEEC- IND\/02702\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC- IND\/02702\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia)","award":["CEECIND\/03988\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/03988\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia)","award":["CEEC- IND\/02702\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC- IND\/02702\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chayote leaves are known for culinary and traditional medicine applications. This work intended to recover carotenoids and phenolic compounds from chayote leaves using the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). A Box\u2013Behnken design was employed to investigate the impact of extraction time, temperature, and ultrasonic power on the recovery of total carotenoids, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities. For comparative purposes, chayote leaf extracts were prepared by maceration (ME) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), using the same time and temperature conditions optimized by UAE. Extraction at 50 \u00b0C and 170 Watts for 30 min provided the optimal UAE conditions. UAE showed better extraction efficacy than ME and MAE. The HPLC analysis of the extracts showed that the xanthophyll class was the main class of carotenoids, which constituted 42\u201385% of the total carotenoid content, followed by \u03b2-carotene and tocopherol. Moreover, 26 compounds, classified as phenolic acids, flavonols, flavonoids and other polar compounds, were identified in the chayote leaf extracts. Flavonols accounted for 55% of the total compounds quantified (the major compound was myricetin) and phenolic acids represented around 35%, mostly represented by ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid and (+)-catechin. This study revealed the potential of UAE as an effective green extraction technique to recover bioactive compounds from chayote leaves, for food, and for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T10:09:23Z","timestamp":1666606163000},"page":"7193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Valorization of Phenolic and Carotenoid Compounds of Sechium edule (Jacq. Swartz) Leaves: Comparison between Conventional, Ultrasound- and Microwave-Assisted Extraction Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0301-6182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa F.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Polytechnic of Porto\u2014School of Engineering (ISEP\/IPP), Rua Doctor Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8331-9177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suene","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1500-9211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela M.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Polytechnic of Porto\u2014School of Engineering (ISEP\/IPP), Rua Doctor Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9685-231X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebeca","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Laborat\u00f3rio de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Aline Boatto da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Laborat\u00f3rio de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1686-3850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Casal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Laborat\u00f3rio de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Delerue-Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Polytechnic of Porto\u2014School of Engineering (ISEP\/IPP), Rua Doctor Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.09.146","article-title":"Chayote (Sechium edule): A review of nutritional composition, bioactivities and potential applications","volume":"275","author":"Vieira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, T. (2012). Sechium edule. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-1764-0"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"41","article-title":"Production, genetics, postharvest management and pharmacological characteristics of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw","volume":"1","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fresh Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112177","article-title":"Determination of nutritional constituents, antioxidant properties, and \u03b1-amylase inhibitory activity of Sechium edule (chayote) shoot from different extraction solvents and cooking methods","volume":"151","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b05364","article-title":"Determining factors of lipophilic micronutrient bioaccessibility in several leafy vegetables","volume":"64","author":"Sriwichai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6510","DOI":"10.1021\/jf040214q","article-title":"Study of flavonoids of Sechium edule (Jacq) Swartz (Cucurbitaceae) different edible organs by liquid chromatography photodiode array mass spectrometry","volume":"52","author":"Siciliano","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6052115","article-title":"Antioxidant activity in extracts of 27 indigenous Taiwanese vegetables","volume":"6","author":"Chao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-016-0571-4","article-title":"Antioxidant and carbohydrate-hydrolysing enzymes potential of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz (Cucurbitaceae) peel, leaves and pulp fresh and processed","volume":"71","author":"Loizzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.13005\/ojc\/320206","article-title":"In vitro screening of subtropical plants cultivated in Jeju Island for cosmetic ingredients","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orient. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2014.10.028","article-title":"Evaluating the potential of cell disruption technologies for green selective extraction of antioxidant compounds from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves","volume":"149","author":"Barba","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.H., and Yang, C.Y. (2020). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity for the valorization of Elaeocarpus serratus L. leaves. Processes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8101218"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, J.M., Gouda, M., Zhu, Y.Y., Ye, X.Q., and Chen, J.C. (2021). Ultrasound-assisted extraction optimization of proanthocyanidins from kiwi (actinidia chinensis) leaves and evaluation of its antioxidant activity. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10081317"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2021.105851","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions optimisation using response surface methodology from Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil leaves","volume":"81","author":"Zakaria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131351","article-title":"Evaluation of the ethanolic ultrasound-assisted extraction from clove (Syzygium aromaticum) leaves and chemical characterization of the extracts","volume":"373","author":"Frohlich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1965.16.3.144","article-title":"Colorimetry of Total Phenolics with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents","volume":"16","author":"Singleton","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vit."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.09.102","article-title":"Brazilian fruit pulps as functional foods and additives: Evaluation of bioactive compounds","volume":"172","author":"Paz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"2638","article-title":"Infusions of Portuguese medicinal plants: Dependence of final antioxidant capacity and phenol content on extraction features","volume":"87","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.04.038","article-title":"Valorization of apple tree wood residues by polyphenols extraction: Comparison between conventional and microwave-assisted extraction","volume":"104","author":"Moreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2018.06.029","article-title":"Direct analysis of vitamin A, vitamin E, carotenoids, chlorophylls and free sterols in animal and vegetable fats in a single normal-phase liquid chromatographic run","volume":"1565","author":"Cruz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.07.099","article-title":"Carotenoid extraction methods: A review of recent developments","volume":"240","author":"Saini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6565","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9600.1000565","article-title":"Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of selected cucurbit fruits extracted with different solvents","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2012.03.024","article-title":"Ultrasound assisted extraction of polyphenols from black chokeberry","volume":"93","author":"Kriaa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.08.008","article-title":"Optimization of polyphenols extraction from dried chokeberry using maceration as traditional technique","volume":"194","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahari, N.A.A.R., Chong, G.H., Abdullah, L.C., and Chua, B.L. (2020). Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) process on thymol concentration from Plectranthus amboinicus leaves: Kinetic modeling and optimization. Processes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8030322"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2016.07.022","article-title":"Green ultrasound-assisted extraction of carotenoids from pomegranate wastes using vegetable oils","volume":"34","author":"Goula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.04.069","article-title":"Different extraction methods for phenolic and volatile compounds recovery from elsholtzia ciliata fresh and dried herbal materials","volume":"120","author":"Pudziuvelyte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s40495-021-00269-2","article-title":"Myricetin: A multifunctional flavonol in biomedicine","volume":"8","author":"Agraharam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuloria, S., Sekar, M., Khattulanuar, F.S., Gan, S.H., Rani, N.N.I.M., Ravi, S., Subramaniyan, V., Jeyabalan, S., Begum, M.Y., and Chidambaram, K. (2022). Chemistry, Biosynthesis and Pharmacology of Viniferin: Potential Resveratrol-Derived Molecules for New Drug Discovery, Development and Therapy. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165072"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mashiane, P., Shoko, T., Manhivi, V., Slabbert, R., Sultanbawa, Y., and Sivakumar, D. (2022). A Comparison of Bioactive Metabolites, Antinutrients, and Bioactivities of African Pumpkin Leaves (Momordica balsamina L.) Cooked by Different Culinary Techniques. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27061901"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, C., Dias, M.I., Petropoulos, S.A., Plexida, S., Chrysargyris, A., Tzortzakis, N., Calhelha, R.C., Ivanov, M., Stojkovi\u0107, D., and Sokovi\u0107, M. (2019). The Effects of Biostimulants, Biofertilizers and Water-Stress on Nutritional Value and Chemical Composition of Two Spinach Genotypes (Spinacia oleracea L.). Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24244494"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/21\/7193\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:01:44Z","timestamp":1760144504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/27\/21\/7193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules27217193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27217193","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]}}}