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fellowships","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT for the PhD fellowships","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT for the PhD fellowships","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT for the PhD fellowships","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT for the PhD fellowships","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT for the PhD fellowships","award":["SFRH BD\/148753\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH BD\/148753\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FCT for the PhD fellowships","award":["SFRH\/BD\/149360\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/149360\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antipsychotics have narrow therapeutic windows, and their monitoring in biological fluids is therefore important; consequently, stability in those fluids must be investigated during method development and validation. This work evaluates the stability of chlorpromazine, levomepromazine, cyamemazine, clozapine, haloperidol, and quetiapine in oral fluid (OF) samples, using the dried saliva spots (DSS) sampling approach and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Since many parameters can influence the stability of the target analytes, design of experiments was adopted to check the crucial factors that affect that stability in a multivariate fashion. The studied parameters were the presence of preservatives at different concentrations, temperature, light, and time. It was possible to observe that antipsychotic stability improved when OF samples in DSS were stored at 4 \u00b0C, with a low ascorbic acid concentration, and in the absence of light. With these conditions, chlorpromazine and quetiapine were stable for 14 days, clozapine and haloperidol were stable for 28 days, levomepromazine remained stable for 44 days, and cyamemazine was stable for the entire monitored period (146 days). This is the first study that evaluates the stability of these antipsychotics in OF samples after application to DSS cards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28052030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T02:08:34Z","timestamp":1677031714000},"page":"2030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of Antipsychotic Drugs\u2019 Stability in Oral Fluid Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Carina","family":"Gameiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3510-948X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 R. T. S.","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento do Interior, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico da Guarda, Avenida Dr. Francisco de S\u00e1 Carneiro, No. 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6910-7576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds A.","family":"Passarinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8848-2734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Qu\u00edmica e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ci\u00eancias Forenses\u2014Delega\u00e7\u00e3o do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-019-02005-8","article-title":"Determination of antipsychotic drugs in oral fluid using dried saliva spots by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"411","author":"Caramelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Schizophrenia: Etiology and pharmacotherapy","volume":"4","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2001","journal-title":"IDrugs"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellack, A.S., and Hersen, M. (1998). Comprehensive Clinical Psychology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-042707-2.09005-2"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd-Elsayed, A. (2019). Pain, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99124-5"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, J., Rosado, T., Soares, S., Sim\u00e3o, A., Caramelo, D., Lu\u00eds, \u00c2., Fern\u00e1ndez, N., Barroso, M., Gallardo, E., and Duarte, A. (2019). Cannabis and Its Secondary Metabolites: Their Use as Therapeutic Drugs, Toxicological Aspects, and Analytical Determination. Medicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6010031"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2016.02.005","article-title":"Objective Testing: Urine and Other Drug Tests","volume":"25","author":"Hadland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. 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