{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T08:14:23Z","timestamp":1768464863242,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) through national funds FCT\/MCTES to iMed.ULisboa","award":["UIDP\/04138\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04138\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) through national funds FCT\/MCTES to iMed.ULisboa","award":["UIDB\/04138\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04138\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) through national funds FCT\/MCTES to iMed.ULisboa","award":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) through national funds FCT\/MCTES to iMed.ULisboa","award":["UIDB\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04077\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) through national funds FCT\/MCTES to iMed.ULisboa","award":["SFRH\/BD\/125310\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/125310\/2016"]}]},{"name":"MEtRICs","award":["UIDP\/04138\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04138\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MEtRICs","award":["UIDB\/04138\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04138\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MEtRICs","award":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MEtRICs","award":["UIDB\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04077\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MEtRICs","award":["SFRH\/BD\/125310\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/125310\/2016"]}]},{"name":"doctoral scholarship","award":["UIDP\/04138\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04138\/2020"]}]},{"name":"doctoral scholarship","award":["UIDB\/04138\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04138\/2020"]}]},{"name":"doctoral scholarship","award":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"]}]},{"name":"doctoral scholarship","award":["UIDB\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04077\/2020"]}]},{"name":"doctoral scholarship","award":["SFRH\/BD\/125310\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/125310\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The leaves of Asphodelus\u00a0bento-rainhae subsp. bento-rainhae, an endemic Portuguese species, and Asphodelus macrocarpus subsp. macrocarpus have been used as food, and traditionally as medicine, for treating ulcers, urinary tract, and inflammatory disorders. The present study aims to establish the phytochemical profile of the main secondary metabolites, together with the antimicrobial, antioxidant and toxicity assessments of both Asphodelus leaf 70% ethanol extracts. Phytochemical screenings were conducted by the TLC and LC-UV\/DAD-ESI\/MS chromatographic technique, and quantification of the leading chemical classes was performed by spectrophotometric methods. Liquid-liquid partitions of crude extracts were obtained using ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and water. For in vitro evaluations of antimicrobial activity, the broth microdilution method, and for the antioxidant activity, the FRAP and DPPH methods were used. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity were assessed by Ames and MTT tests, respectively. Twelve known compounds including neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, isoorientin, p-coumaric acid, isovitexin, ferulic acid, luteolin, aloe-emodin, diosmetin, chrysophanol, and \u03b2-sitosterol were identified as the main marker compounds, and terpenoids and condensed tannins were found to be the major class of secondary metabolites of both medicinal plants. The ethyl ether fractions demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against all the Gram-positive microorganisms, (MIC value of 62 to 1000 \u00b5g\/mL), with aloe-emodin as one of the main marker compounds highly active against Staphylococcus epidermidis (MIC value of 0.8 to 1.6 \u00b5g\/mL). Ethyl acetate fractions exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 of 800 to 1200 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively). No cytotoxicity (up to 1000 \u00b5g\/mL) or genotoxicity\/mutagenicity (up to 5 mg\/plate, with\/without metabolic activation) were detected. The obtained results contribute to the knowledge of the value and safety of the studied species as herbal medicines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28052372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T02:06:43Z","timestamp":1678068403000},"page":"2372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Identification of Marker Compounds and In Vitro Toxicity Evaluation of Two Portuguese Asphodelus Leaf Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1738-3429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Malmir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Katelene","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0355-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"P\u00f3voas Cam\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7729-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Manageiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare-Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Paula","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs\/Chemistry Department, Nova School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7804-4068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Paiva Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6549-8047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4415-7950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Moreira da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Silva Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2077-6231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Cani\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare-Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1555-7883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.643","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Beneficial Dietary Phytochemicals in Common Traditional Southern African Leafy Vegetables","volume":"6","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci. 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