{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T01:17:38Z","timestamp":1768094258759,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"R&amp;D Units CIQUP","award":["UIDB\/000081\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/000081\/2020"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Units CIQUP","award":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Units CIQUP","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Units CIQUP","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Units CIQUP","award":["PTDC\/QQUI-QUI-QFI\/2870\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QQUI-QUI-QFI\/2870\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associated Laboratory IMS","award":["UIDB\/000081\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/000081\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associated Laboratory IMS","award":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associated Laboratory IMS","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associated Laboratory IMS","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associated Laboratory IMS","award":["PTDC\/QQUI-QUI-QFI\/2870\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QQUI-QUI-QFI\/2870\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CIIMAR","award":["UIDB\/000081\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/000081\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CIIMAR","award":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CIIMAR","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CIIMAR","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CIIMAR","award":["PTDC\/QQUI-QUI-QFI\/2870\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QQUI-QUI-QFI\/2870\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/000081\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/000081\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["PTDC\/QQUI-QUI-QFI\/2870\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QQUI-QUI-QFI\/2870\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this work was to investigate, for the first time to our knowledge, the chemical composition and bioactivity of methanolic extracts (roots, stems, leaves, and flowers) from Cladanthus mixtus (L.) Chevall. that grows wild in northern Morocco (the Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region). The phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by spectrophotometer methods, and the composition of derivatized methanolic extracts from C. mixtus using N-O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) was analyzed by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity was carried out by applying the 2,2\u2032-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) tests. The micro-dilution technique was chosen to investigate the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts against two bacterial strains and three fungal species. The results showed that the values of total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be higher in flower extracts (30.55 \u00b1 0.85 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)\/g of dried weight (DW) and 26.00 \u00b11.34 mg of quercetin equivalents (QE)\/g DW, respectively). Other groups of chemical compounds were revealed by GC-MS, such as carbohydrates (27.25\u201364.87%), fatty acids (1.58\u20139.08%), organic acids (11.81\u201318.82%), and amino acids (1.26\u20137.10%). Root and flower methanolic extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity using ABTS (39.49 mg of Trolox equivalents (TE)\/g DW) and DPPH (36.23 mg TE\/g DW), respectively. A positive correlation between antioxidant activity and polyphenol and flavonoid amounts was found. Antibacterial tests showed that the best activity was presented by the leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) = 20 mg\/mL) and Escherichia coli (MIC of 30 mg\/mL and MBC of 35 mg\/mL). S. aureus was more sensitive to the extracts compared to E. coli. All extracts showed antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum, with the best efficacy reported by the flower and leaf extracts (MIC = 1.25 mg\/mL and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) = 2.5 mg\/mL). In general, extracts of C. mixtus appeared less effective against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28073196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T02:03:00Z","timestamp":1680573780000},"page":"3196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chemical Characterization and Several Bioactivities of Cladanthus mixtus from Morocco"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3640-1469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amina","family":"El Mihyaoui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica (CIQUP), Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Moleculares (IMS), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5142-9278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El Hadi","family":"Erbiai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica (CIQUP), Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Moleculares (IMS), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biology, Environment and Sustainable Development, Higher School of Teachers (ENS), Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93150, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0758-7727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saoulajan","family":"Charfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2948-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eug\u00e9nia","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Emilia Candela","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1847-8809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josefa","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8555-5053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0663-2952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Badoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, Villenave d\u2019Ornon, F-33140 Bordeaux, France"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Lamarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8478-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim C. G.","family":"Esteves da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica (CIQUP), Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Moleculares (IMS), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8517-6889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marino B.","family":"Arnao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Biological Effects of Arctiin from Some Medicinal Plants of Asteraceae Family","volume":"4","author":"Arslan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Biol. 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