{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T02:30:07Z","timestamp":1768098607099,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["LA\/P\/0053\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0053\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/140734\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/140734\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Programa Ap\u00edcola Nacional 2020\u20132022 (National Beekeeping Program)","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Programa Ap\u00edcola Nacional 2020\u20132022 (National Beekeeping Program)","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Programa Ap\u00edcola Nacional 2020\u20132022 (National Beekeeping Program)","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Programa Ap\u00edcola Nacional 2020\u20132022 (National Beekeeping Program)","award":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"]}]},{"name":"Programa Ap\u00edcola Nacional 2020\u20132022 (National Beekeeping Program)","award":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"]}]},{"name":"Programa Ap\u00edcola Nacional 2020\u20132022 (National Beekeeping Program)","award":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Programa Ap\u00edcola Nacional 2020\u20132022 (National Beekeeping Program)","award":["LA\/P\/0053\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0053\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Programa Ap\u00edcola Nacional 2020\u20132022 (National Beekeeping Program)","award":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"]}]},{"name":"Programa Ap\u00edcola Nacional 2020\u20132022 (National Beekeeping Program)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/140734\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/140734\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014 European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014 European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014 European Regional Development Fund","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014 European Regional Development Fund","award":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014 European Regional Development Fund","award":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014 European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014 European Regional Development Fund","award":["LA\/P\/0053\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0053\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014 European Regional Development Fund","award":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014 European Regional Development Fund","award":["SFRH\/BD\/140734\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/140734\/2018"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT and FEDER (European Union)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT and FEDER (European Union)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT and FEDER (European Union)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT and FEDER (European Union)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT and FEDER (European Union)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT and FEDER (European Union)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT and FEDER (European Union)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0053\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0053\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT and FEDER (European Union)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT and FEDER (European Union)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/140734\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/140734\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["LA\/P\/0053\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0053\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["SFRH\/BD\/140734\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/140734\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer is regard as one of the key factors of mortality and morbidity in the world. Treatment is mainly based on chemotherapeutic drugs that, when used in targeted therapies, have serious side effects. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a drug commonly used against colorectal cancer (CRC), despite its side effects. Combination of this compound with natural products is a promising source in cancer treatment research. In recent years, propolis has become the subject of intense pharmacological and chemical studies linked to its diverse biological properties. With a complex composition rich in phenolic compounds, propolis is described as showing positive or synergistic interactions with several chemotherapeutic drugs. The present work evaluated the in vitro cytotoxic activity of the most representative propolis types, such as green, red and brown propolis, in combination with chemotherapeutic or CNS drugs on HT-29 colon cancer cell lines. The phenolic composition of the propolis samples was evaluated by LC-DAD-ESI\/MSn analysis. According to the type of propolis, the composition varied; green propolis was rich in terpenic phenolic acids and red propolis in polyprenylated benzophenones and isoflavonoids, while brown propolis was composed mainly of flavonoids and phenylpropanoids. Generally, for all propolis types, the results demonstrated that combing propolis with 5-FU and fluphenazine successfully enhances the in vitro cytotoxic activity. For green propolis, the combination demonstrated an enhancement of the in vitro cytotoxic effect compared to green propolis alone, at all concentrations, while for brown propolis, the combination in the concentration of 100 \u03bcg\/mL gave a lower number of viable cells, even when compared with 5-FU or fluphenazine alone. The same was observed for the red propolis combination, but with a higher reduction in cell viability. The combination index, calculated based on the Chou\u2013Talalay method, suggested that the combination of 5-FU and propolis extracts had a synergic growth inhibitory effect in HT-29 cells, while with fluphenazine, only green and red propolis, at a concentration of 100 \u03bcg\/mL, presented synergism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28083393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T02:57:08Z","timestamp":1681268228000},"page":"3393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Improvement of the In Vitro Cytotoxic Effect on HT-29 Colon Cancer Cells by Combining 5-Fluorouacil and Fluphenazine with Green, Red or Brown Propolis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3735-6951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soraia I.","family":"Falc\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1420-5042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Moustapha","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5370-9586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduarda","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1283-1042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8665-5280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2000102","article-title":"Propolis: Recent advances in chemistry and plant origin","volume":"31","author":"Bankova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2412","article-title":"Phenolic profiling of Portuguese propolis by LC-MS spectrometry: Uncommon propolis rich with flavonoid glycosides","volume":"24","author":"Vale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wieczorek, P.P., Hudz, N., Yezerska, O., Hor\u010dinov\u00e1-Sedl\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, V., Shanaida, M., Korytniuk, O., and Jasicka-Misiak, I. (2022). Chemical Variability and Pharmacological Potential of Propolis as a Source for the Development of New Pharmaceutical Products. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051600"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2023). Bee Propolis\u2014Specifications. Standard No. ISO\/DIS 24381."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.07.021","article-title":"Phenolic quantification and botanical origin of Portuguese propolis","volume":"49","author":"Vale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nem177","article-title":"Seasonal variation, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Brazilian propolis samples","volume":"7","author":"Teixeira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4468","article-title":"Brazilian red propolis: Unreported substances, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities","volume":"91","author":"Righi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2022.06.003","article-title":"Propolis: Encapsulation and application in the food and pharmaceutical industries","volume":"127","author":"Tavares","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera-Ya\u00f1ez, N., Rivera-Ya\u00f1ez, C.R., Pozo-Molina, G., M\u00e9ndez-Catal\u00e1, C.F., M\u00e9ndez-Cruz, A.R., and Nieto-Ya\u00f1ez, O. (2021). Biomedical Properties of Propolis on Diverse Chronic Diseases and Its Potential Applications and Health Benefits. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010078"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21590","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Siegel","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6645","DOI":"10.1039\/C8DT00838H","article-title":"The side effects of platinum-based chemotherapy drugs: A review for chemists","volume":"47","author":"Oun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5445","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S257700","article-title":"Recent Advances in Designing 5-Fluorouracil Delivery Systems: A Stepping Stone in the Safe Treatment of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Tayebi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W488","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa216","article-title":"SynergyFinder 2.0: Visual analytics of multi-drug combination synergies","volume":"48","author":"Ianevski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-018-0904-2","article-title":"Effects of repurposed drug candidates nitroxoline and nelfinavir as single agents or in combination with erlotinib in pancreatic cancer cells","volume":"37","author":"Veschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58438-0","article-title":"Identification of synergistic drug combinations using breast cancer patient-derived xenografts","volume":"10","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.009","article-title":"Combination Cancer Therapy Can Confer Benefit via Patient-to-Patient Variability without Drug Additivity or Synergy","volume":"171","author":"Palmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djy149","article-title":"Auranofin\/Vitamin C: A Novel Drug Combination Targeting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"111","author":"Hatem","year":"2019","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, D., Cardoso, A., and Vale, N. (2021). Synergistic Growth Inhibition of HT-29 Colon and MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells with Simultaneous and Sequential Combinations of Antineoplastics and CNS Drugs. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147408"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, D., and Vale, N. (2020). New trends for antimalarial drugs: Synergism between antineoplastics and antimalarials on breast cancer cells. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10121623"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03134-0","article-title":"Drug repurposing to overcome resistance to various therapies for colorectal cancer","volume":"76","author":"Fong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172784","article-title":"Old wine in new bottles: Drug repurposing in oncology","volume":"866","author":"Antoszczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2021, April 09). Fluphenazine|DrugBank Online, Available online: https:\/\/go.drugbank.com\/drugs\/DB00623."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7832","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64828-1","article-title":"Co-delivery of Doxorubicin and Curcumin with Polypeptide Nanocarrier for Synergistic Lymphoma Therapy","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"2381","article-title":"Curcumin and paclitaxel induce cell death in breast cancer cell lines","volume":"40","author":"Calaf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23097","article-title":"Curcumin enhances the effects of 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin in mediating growth inhibition of colon cancer cells by modulating EGFR and IGF-1R","volume":"122","author":"Patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6862","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29580","article-title":"(Curcumin+sildenafil) enhances the efficacy of 5FU and anti-PD1 therapies in vivo","volume":"235","author":"Dent","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"553","article-title":"Antitumor and Anticytopenic Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Propolis in Combination with Chemotherapeutic Agents","volume":"17","author":"Suzuki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Biother. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12735-y","article-title":"The effect of propolis on 5-fluorouracil-induced cardiac toxicity in rats","volume":"12","author":"Barary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119390","article-title":"Co-administration of 5FU and Propolis on AOM\/DSS Induced Colorectal Cancer in BALB-C Mice","volume":"276","author":"Sameni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2016.1277602","article-title":"Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity assessment of southeastern and south Brazilian propolis","volume":"56","author":"Coelho","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Apic. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira de Morais, D., Rosalen, P.L., Ikegaki, M., de Souza Silva, A.P., Massarioli, A.P., and de Alencar, S.M. (2021). Active Antioxidant Phenolics from Brazilian Red Propolis: An Optimization Study for Their Recovery and Identification by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS\/MS. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020297"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moise, A.R., and Bobi\u015f, O. (2020). Baccharis dracunculifolia and Dalbergia ecastophyllum, Main Plant Sources for Bioactive Properties in Green and Red Brazilian Propolis. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9111619"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Yang, B., Wang, D., Zhu, Y., Miao, X., and Yang, W. (2020). The Chemical Composition of Brazilian Green Propolis and Its Protective Effects on Mouse Aortic Endothelial Cells against Inflammatory Injury. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204612"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-019-01141-w","article-title":"The Role of Baccharis dracunculifolia and its Chemical Profile on Green Propolis Production by Apis mellifera","volume":"46","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ccana-Ccapatinta, G.V., Mej\u00eda, J.A.A., Tanimoto, M.H., Groppo, M., Carvalho, J.C.A.S.d., and Bastos, J.K. (2020). Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. and Symphonia globulifera L.f.: The Botanical Sources of Isoflavonoids and Benzophenones in Brazilian Red Propolis. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092060"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2605","article-title":"Chemical characterisation of Nigerian red propolis and its biological activity against Trypanosoma Brucei","volume":"27","author":"Omar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"A First Approach to the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Guinea-Bissau Propolis","volume":"14","author":"Lopes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, V.C., Silva, A.M.G.S., Bas\u00edlio, J.A.D., Xavier, J.A., do Nascimento, T.G., Naal, R.M.Z.G., del Lama, M.P., Leonelo, L.A.D., Mergulh\u00e3o, N.L.O.N., and Maranh\u00e3o, F.C.A. (2020). New Insights for Red Propolis of Alagoas\u2014Chemical Constituents, Topical Membrane Formulations and Their Physicochemical and Biological Properties. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245811"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-3232-8","article-title":"Phenolic characterization of Northeast Portuguese propolis: Usual and unsual compounds","volume":"396","author":"Estevinho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dantas Silva, R.P., Machado, B.A.S., Barreto, G.d.A., Costa, S.S., Andrade, L.N., Amaral, R.G., Carvalho, A.A., Padilha, F.F., Barbosa, J.D.V., and Umsza-Guez, M.A. (2017). Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic properties of various Brazilian propolis extracts. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172585"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e14350","article-title":"A review on the anti-inflammatory activities of Brazilian green, brown and red propolis","volume":"46","author":"Cunha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fri\u00f3n-Herrera, Y., Gabbia, D., Scaffidi, M., Zagni, L., Cuesta-Rubio, O., De Martin, S., and Carrara, M. (2020). Cuban Brown Propolis Interferes in the Crosstalk between Colorectal Cancer Cells and M2 Macrophages. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072040"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-1947","article-title":"Drug combination studies and their synergy quantification using the choutalalay method","volume":"70","author":"Chou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/8\/3393\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:14:26Z","timestamp":1760123666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/8\/3393"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28083393"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28083393","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]}}}