{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T06:55:12Z","timestamp":1762325712482,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CESAM UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020","PDR2020-101-031742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CESAM UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020","PDR2020-101-031742"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Rural Development Program PDR2020","award":["CESAM UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020","PDR2020-101-031742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CESAM UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020","PDR2020-101-031742"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With a characteristic flavour and aroma, \u201cMa\u00e7\u00e3 de Alcoba\u00e7a\u201d are apples produced in the western region of the mainland of Portugal. Given the known influence of pre-harvest cultural techniques and post-harvest conservation methods on fruit quality, this work evaluated the effect of cultural factors and conservation methods on the volatile profile of \u2018Gala\u2019 apples. Tests were carried out during four seasons (2018 to 2021) in two \u2018Gala\u2019 apple orchards (F and S) maintained with different irrigation rates and nitrogen fertilisation [normal irrigation and normal nitrogen (Control, NINN), normal irrigation and excess nitrogen (NIEN), excess irrigation and normal nitrogen (EINN), excess irrigation and excess nitrogen (EIEN)], and under three storage conditions [Controlled Atmosphere + 1-methylcyclopropene (CA+1-MCP), Dynamic Controlled Atmosphere (DCA) and DCA+1-MCP]. The intact fruit volatiles were isolated by headspace solid\u2013phase microextraction (HS\u2013SPME) and analysed by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionisation Detection and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry at harvest (T0) and after 8 months of storage (T8). HS\u2013SPME volatiles from \u2018Gala\u2019 apples, obtained at T0 in control conditions, were characterised by trans,trans-\u03b1-farnesene dominance (36\u201369%), followed by hexyl acetate (5\u201323%) and hexyl hexanoate (3\u20139%). The four irrigation and nitrogen treatments did not evidence main changes in the apple volatile profile. Instead, storage conditions changed the ratio between compounds; previously undetected compounds attained high percentages and decreased the intensity of the dominant compounds in the control conditions. Although all storage conditions tested changed the volatile profile and emanation intensity, the effect was more accentuated in storage for 8 months with DCA+1-MCP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T10:09:22Z","timestamp":1694686162000},"page":"6610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Different Irrigation Regimes, Nitrogen Levels and Storage Conditions on Volatiles of \u2018Gala\u2019 Apple"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Tavares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Ci\u00eancias), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), Biotecnologia Vegetal, DBV, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carolina Ferro","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Ci\u00eancias), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), Biotecnologia Vegetal, DBV, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Ci\u00eancias), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), Biotecnologia Vegetal, DBV, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8284-0382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra M.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Ci\u00eancias), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), Biotecnologia Vegetal, DBV, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9686-1072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Pedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Ci\u00eancias), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), Biotecnologia Vegetal, DBV, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Ci\u00eancias), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), Biotecnologia Vegetal, DBV, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Anabela","family":"Maur\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fruba\u00e7a, Cooperativa de Horto\u2014Fruticultores, C.R.L. Lugar Acipreste Aptd. 12, 2460-471 Alcoba\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fruba\u00e7a, Cooperativa de Horto\u2014Fruticultores, C.R.L. Lugar Acipreste Aptd. 12, 2460-471 Alcoba\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0540-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9lio","family":"Raimundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campotec\u2014Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e Transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de Hortofrut\u00edcolas, SA. Estrada Nacional 9, 2560-393 Torres Vedras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rio","family":"Pita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperfrutas, Coop Produtores Fruta e Prod Horticolas de Alcobaca C.R.L., Quinta Freiras\u2014Ponte Jardim, 2460-617 Aljubarrota, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8596-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria (INIAV), I.P., Polo Alcoba\u00e7a, Estrada de Leiria, 2460-059 Alcoba\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"GREEN-IT\u2014Bioresources for Sustainability R&D Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier \/ Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3239-3190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Ci\u00eancias), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), Biotecnologia Vegetal, DBV, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2016.1233431","article-title":"Bioactive Phytochemicals in Apple Cultivars from the Portuguese Protected Geographical Indication \u201cMa\u00e7\u00e3 de Alcoba\u00e7a\u201d: Basis for Market Segmentation","volume":"20","author":"Almeida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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