{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:33:16Z","timestamp":1760149996586,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science, Research, and Innovation Fund","award":["65A103000143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["65A103000143"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is an innovative green technology for the extraction of phytochemicals from plants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the application of SFE and to optimize the extraction conditions of the Thai herbal formula, Kleeb Bua Daeng (KBD). A Box\u2013Behnken design (BBD) with response surface methodology (RMS) was used to determine the effect of the extraction time (30\u201390 min), temperature (30\u201360 \u00b0C), and pressure (200\u2013300 bar) on response variables including the extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total carotenoid content (TCC), and total anthocyanin content (TAC) of the KBD formula. The highest percentage extraction yield (3.81%) was achieved at 60 \u00b0C, 300 bar, and 60 min of the extraction time. The highest TPC (464.56 mg gallic acid equivalents\/g extract), TFC (217.19 mg quercetin equivalents\/g extract), and TCC (22.26 mg \u03b2-carotene equivalents\/g extract) were all achieved at 60 \u00b0C, 250 bar, and 90 min of the extraction time. On the contrary, it was not possible to quantify the total anthocyanin content as anthocyanins were not extracted by this method. The results indicated that SFE-CO2 is a suitable method of extraction for a green recovery of phytochemicals with low and moderate polarity from the KBD formula.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28196873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T09:39:32Z","timestamp":1695980372000},"page":"6873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Approach of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for the Extraction of Kleeb Bua Daeng Formula"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Nittaya","family":"Ngamkhae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Orawan","family":"Monthakantirat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Yaowared","family":"Chulikhit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9926-7092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juthamart","family":"Maneenet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9927-0670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charinya","family":"Khamphukdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6313-4984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutthana","family":"Chotritthirong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Suphatson","family":"Limsakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4065-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantana","family":"Boonyarat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Supaporn","family":"Pitiporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Chao Phraya Abhaibhubejhr Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Prachinburi 25000, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6829-4349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pakakrong","family":"Kwankhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Chao Phraya Abhaibhubejhr Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Prachinburi 25000, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3321-1061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anake","family":"Kijjoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar and CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 282, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2051-9953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Supawadee","family":"Daodee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457729","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1457729","article-title":"Optimized Extraction Method for Kleeb Bua Daeng Formula with the Aid of the Experimental Design","volume":"2021","author":"Ngamkhae","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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