{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T21:40:04Z","timestamp":1773956404811,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2021.07764.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07764.BD"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"]}]},{"name":"PhD research grant","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhD research grant","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhD research grant","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"PhD research grant","award":["2021.07764.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07764.BD"]}]},{"name":"PhD research grant","award":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"]}]},{"name":"PhD research grant","award":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"]}]},{"name":"individual and institutional scientific employment program","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"individual and institutional scientific employment program","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"individual and institutional scientific employment program","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"individual and institutional scientific employment program","award":["2021.07764.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07764.BD"]}]},{"name":"individual and institutional scientific employment program","award":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"]}]},{"name":"individual and institutional scientific employment program","award":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"]}]},{"name":"\u201cDivInA-Diversification and Innovation on Beekeeping Production\u201d","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"\u201cDivInA-Diversification and Innovation on Beekeeping Production\u201d","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"\u201cDivInA-Diversification and Innovation on Beekeeping Production\u201d","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"\u201cDivInA-Diversification and Innovation on Beekeeping Production\u201d","award":["2021.07764.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07764.BD"]}]},{"name":"\u201cDivInA-Diversification and Innovation on Beekeeping Production\u201d","award":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"]}]},{"name":"\u201cDivInA-Diversification and Innovation on Beekeeping Production\u201d","award":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["2021.07764.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07764.BD"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-031734"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, bee products are commended by consumers for their medicinal and dietary properties. This study aimed to differentiate between monofloral bee pollens originating from Portugal using phenolic and volatile profiles and investigate their antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were recorded between 2.9\u201335.8 mg GAE\/g and 0.7\u20134.8 mg QE\/g, respectively. The LC\/DAD\/ESI-MSn analytical results allowed us to identify and quantify a total of 72 compounds, including phenolic and phenylamide compounds, whereas GC-MS results revealed the presence of 49 different compounds, mostly ketones, aldehydes, esters, hydrocarbons, and terpenes. The highest DPPH\u2022 radical scavenging activity, EC50: 0.07 mg\/mL, was recorded in the sample dominated by Castanae sp. pollen, whereas the Rubus sp. (1.59 mM Trolox\/mg) and Cistaceae sp. (0.09 mg GAE\/g) pollen species exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in ABTS\u2022+ and reducing power assays, respectively. Regarding the anti-carcinogenic activity, only Carduus sp. showed remarkable cytotoxic potential against MCF-7.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28227601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T01:56:29Z","timestamp":1700099789000},"page":"7601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Differentiating between Monofloral Portuguese Bee Pollens Using Phenolic and Volatile Profiles and Their Impact on Bioactive Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Samar","family":"Larbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9nies Biologique et Agroalimentaire, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Tunis, 30 Avenue Kheireddine Pacha, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4060-766X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volkan","family":"Aylanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2387-630X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Shantal","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6801-4578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo C.","family":"Calhelha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9050-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lillian","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Feriel","family":"Rezouga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9nies Biologique et Agroalimentaire, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Tunis, 30 Avenue Kheireddine Pacha, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8289-6717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Carmen","family":"Seijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3735-6951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soraia I.","family":"Falc\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8665-5280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, G.G., Francis, N., Hill, R., Waters, D., Blanchard, C., and Santhakumar, A.B. (2019). Dietary Polyphenols and Gene Expression in Molecular Pathways Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010140"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2016.02.002","article-title":"Dietary Polyphenols, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.07.050","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds of Triplaris Gardneriana Can Protect Cells against Oxidative Stress and Restore Oxidative Balance","volume":"93","author":"Neto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabriele, M., Frassinetti, S., and Pucci, L. (2021). Antimicrobial Activity and Protective Effect of Tuscan Bee Pollens on Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Different Cell-Based Models. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061422"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2011.538953","article-title":"Molecular Pathways for Cancer Chemoprevention by Dietary Phytochemicals","volume":"63","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4303","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7729","article-title":"Biological and Therapeutic Properties of Bee Pollen: A Review","volume":"96","author":"Denisow","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95342-7","article-title":"Potential Therapeutic Effect of Thymoquinone and\/or Bee Pollen on Fluvastatin-Induced Hepatitis in Rats","volume":"11","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.01.042","article-title":"From the Hive to the Table: Nutrition Value, Digestibility and Bioavailability of the Dietary Phytochemicals Present in the Bee Pollen and Bee Bread","volume":"109","author":"Aylanc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aylanc, V., Larbi, S., Calhelha, R., Barros, L., Rezouga, F., Rodr\u00edguez-Flores, M.S., Seijo, M.C., El Ghouizi, A., Lyoussi, B., and Falc\u00e3o, S.I. (2023). Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity of Mono- and Polyfloral Moroccan Bee Pollen by Characterizing Phenolic and Volatile Compounds. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020835"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aylanc, V., Tom\u00e1s, A., Russo-Almeida, P., Falc\u00e3o, S.I., and Vilas-Boas, M. (2021). Assessment of Bioactive Compounds under Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion of Bee Pollen and Bee Bread: Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Activity. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050651"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2008.11101443","article-title":"Pollen Composition and Standardisation of Analytical Methods","volume":"47","author":"Campos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Apic. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Flores, M.S., Escuredo, O., Seijo, M.C., Rojo, S., Vilas-Boas, M., and Falc\u00e3o, S.I. (2023). Phenolic Profile of Castanea Bee Pollen from the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Separations, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations10040270"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ada\u0161kevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117, V., Ka\u0161konien\u0117, V., Ka\u0161konas, P., Bar\u010dauskait\u0117, K., and Maru\u0161ka, A. (2019). Comparison of Physicochemical Properties of Bee Pollen with Other Bee Products. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9120819"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojo, S., Escuredo, O., Rodr\u00edguez-Flores, M.S., and Seijo, M.C. (2023). Botanical Origin of Galician Bee Pollen (Northwest Spain) for the Characterization of Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12020294"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2017.1294526","article-title":"Potentialities of Beebread as a Food Supplement and Source of Nutraceuticals: Botanical Origin, Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Activity","volume":"56","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Apic. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.110041","article-title":"Screening of Indian Bee Pollen Based on Antioxidant Properties and Polyphenolic Composition Using UHPLC-DAD-MS\/MS: A Multivariate Analysis and ANN Based Approach","volume":"140","author":"Thakur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109802","article-title":"Effect of Antioxidant-Rich Propolis and Bee Pollen Extracts against D-Glucose Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Rats","volume":"138","author":"Laaroussi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.10.117","article-title":"Ameliorative Effects of Bee Pollen and Date Palm Pollen on the Glycemic State and Male Sexual Dysfunctions in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats","volume":"97","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113057","article-title":"High Hydrostatic Pressure Enhances the Anti-Proliferative Properties of Lotus Bee Pollen on the Human Prostate Cancer PC-3 cells via Increased Metabolites","volume":"261","author":"Tuoheti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2020.12137","article-title":"Water-Soluble Propolis and Bee Pollen of Trigona Spp. From South Sulawesi Indonesia Induce Apoptosis in the Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cell Line","volume":"20","author":"Amalia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.02.001","article-title":"Composition and Functionality of Bee Pollen: A Review","volume":"98","author":"Thakur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.10.034","article-title":"Organic Honey from Tr\u00e1s-Os-Montes Region (Portugal): Chemical, Palynological, Microbiological and Bioactive Compounds Characterization","volume":"50","author":"Estevinho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3490","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.15672","article-title":"Performance of green and conventional techniques for the optimal extraction of bioactive compounds in bee pollen","volume":"57","author":"Aylanc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.13941","article-title":"UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS Phenolic Profiling and Antioxidant Capacity of Bee Pollen from Different Botanical Origin","volume":"54","author":"Rocchetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.05.105","article-title":"Bee Pollen as a Natural Antioxidant Source to Prevent Lipid Oxidation in Black Pudding","volume":"111","author":"Anjos","year":"2019","journal-title":"LWT\u2014Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobral, F., Calhelha, R.C., Barros, L., Due\u00f1as, M., Tom\u00e1s, A., Santos-Buelga, C., Vilas-Boas, M., and Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2017). Flavonoid composition and antitumor activity of bee bread collected in northeast Portugal. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22020248"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1021\/jf021056a","article-title":"Valorization of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) By-Products as a Source of Antioxidant Phenolics","volume":"51","author":"Llorach","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2412","article-title":"Phenolic profiling of Portuguese propolis by LC-MS spectrometry: Uncommon propolis rich in flavonoid glycosides: Phenolic profiling of Portuguese Propolis","volume":"24","author":"Vale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00497-017-0301-6","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomic analysis of tomato pollen development and heat stress response","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Reprod."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017burek, N., Pycia, K., Paw\u0142owska, A., Potocki, L., and Kapusta, I.T. (2023). Chemical Profiling, Bioactive Properties, and Anticancer and Antimicrobial Potential of Juglans regia L. Leaves. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041989"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134800","article-title":"Phenolamide and flavonoid glycoside profiles of 20 types of monofloral bee pollen","volume":"405","author":"Qiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5311","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery359","article-title":"Unusual Spermine-Conjugated Hydroxycinnamic Acids on Pollen: Function and Evolutionary Advantage","volume":"69","author":"Vogt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exper. Botany"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1134\/S1021443707030016","article-title":"Phenylamides in plants","volume":"54","author":"Edreva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Russ. J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2010.08.003","article-title":"Phenolamides: Bridging polyamines to the phenolic metabolism","volume":"71","author":"Bassard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"291","article-title":"Volatile Compounds Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Bee Pollen Collected in Lithuania","volume":"69","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starowicz, M., Hanus, P., Lamparski, G., and Sawicki, T. (2021). Characterizing the Volatile and Sensory Profiles, and Sugar Content of Beeswax, Beebread, Bee Pollen, and Honey. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113410"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-014-9996-2","article-title":"Chemometric Analysis of Bee Pollen Based on Volatile and Phenolic Compound Compositions and Antioxidant Properties","volume":"8","author":"Akuneca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Anal. Meth."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Smith, G., Alnasser, G., Jones, D., and Bromenshenk, J. (2002). Honey Bees, Taylor and Francis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/b95452","article-title":"Hymenopteran Semiochemicals","volume":"Volume 239","author":"Keeling","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Chemistry of Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals I"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2010.01451.x","article-title":"The Evolution of Floral Scent and Insect Chemical Communication","volume":"13","author":"Schiestl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.102","article-title":"Estimation of Total Phenolic Content and Other Oxidation Substrates in Plant Tissues Using Folin\u2013Ciocalteu Reagent","volume":"2","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.114065","article-title":"Characterization of carotenoid profile and \u03b1-tocopherol content in Andean bee pollen influenced by harvest time and particle size","volume":"170","author":"Stinco","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aylanc, V., Eskin, B., Zengin, G., Dursun, M., and Cakmak, Y.S. (2020). In Vitro Studies on Different Extracts of Fenugreek (Trigonella Spruneriana BOISS.): Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Enzyme Inhibition Potential. J. Food Biochem., 44.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13463"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, G.A., Choi, K.C., and Hwang, K.A. (2018). Treatment with Phytoestrogens Reversed Triclosan and Bisphenol A-Induced Anti-Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells. Biomolec. Therap., 26.","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2017.160"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imran, M., Salehi, B., Sharifi-Rad, J., Gondal, T.A., Saeed, F., Imran, A., Shahbaz, M., Fokou, P.V.T., Arshad, M.U., and Khan, H. (2019). Kaempferol: A Key Emphasis to Its Anticancer Potential. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24122277"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chekuri, S., Vyshnava, S.S., Somisetti, S.L., Cheniya, S.B.K., Gandu, C., and Anupalli, R.R. (2023). Isolation and anticancer activity of quercetin from Acalypha indica L. against breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Biotech, 13.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-023-03705-w"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/0005772X.1978.11097714","article-title":"Methods of Melissopalynology","volume":"59","author":"Louveaux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bee World"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-013-2324-y","article-title":"A Proposal for Physicochemical Standards and Antioxidant Activity of Portuguese Propolis","volume":"90","author":"Freire","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2020.1738135","article-title":"Standard Methods for Apis Mellifera Honey Research","volume":"59","author":"Dietemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Apic. Res."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/22\/7601\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:23:24Z","timestamp":1760131404000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/22\/7601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28227601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28227601","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]}}}