{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T05:48:22Z","timestamp":1771048102582,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012-HealthyAging2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012-HealthyAging2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022095"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012-HealthyAging2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012-HealthyAging2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022095"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Regional do Emprego e Qualifica\u00e7\u00e3o Profissional, da Regi\u00e3o Aut\u00f3noma dos A\u00e7ores","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012-HealthyAging2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012-HealthyAging2020"]}]},{"name":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Regional do Emprego e Qualifica\u00e7\u00e3o Profissional, da Regi\u00e3o Aut\u00f3noma dos A\u00e7ores","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022095"]}]},{"name":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Regional do Emprego e Qualifica\u00e7\u00e3o Profissional, da Regi\u00e3o Aut\u00f3noma dos A\u00e7ores","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Regional do Emprego e Qualifica\u00e7\u00e3o Profissional, da Regi\u00e3o Aut\u00f3noma dos A\u00e7ores","award":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The treatment of dermatophytoses, the most common human fungal infections, requires new alternatives. The aim of this study was to determine the antidermatophytic activity of the aqueous Azorean Black Tea extract (ABT), together with an approach to the mechanisms of action. The phytochemical analysis of ABT extract was performed by HPLC. The dermatophytes susceptibility was assessed using a broth microdilution assay; potential synergies with terbinafine and griseofulvin were evaluated by the checkerboard assay. The mechanism of action was appraised by the quantification of the fungal cell wall chitin and \u03b2-1,3-glucan, and by membrane ergosterol. The presence of ultrastructural modifications was studied by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The ABT extract contained organic and phenolic acids, flavonoids, theaflavins and alkaloids. It showed an antidermatophytic effect, with MIC values of 250 \u00b5g\/mL for Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 125 \u00b5g\/mL for Trichophyton rubrum and 500 \u00b5g\/mL for Microsporum canis; at these concentrations, the extract was fungicidal. An additive effect of ABT in association to terbinafine on these three dermatophytes was observed. The ABT extract caused a significant reduction in \u03b2-1,3-glucan content, indicating the synthesis of this cell wall component as a possible target. The present study identifies the antidermatophytic activity of the ABT and highlights its potential to improve the effectiveness of conventional topical treatment currently used for the management of skin or mucosal fungal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28237775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T03:48:17Z","timestamp":1701056897000},"page":"7775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Azorean Black Tea (Camellia sinensis) Antidermatophytic and Fungicidal Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Chantal","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC-UC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Sousa-Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC-UC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"FMUC\u2014Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2112-1798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Filipa","family":"Lenha-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC-UC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8852-8771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Calheiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC-UC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"FMUC\u2014Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3265-954X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edmilson","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC-UC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3064-5718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Figueirinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0948-821X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00edgia","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9347-0535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC-UC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"FMUC\u2014Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moskaluk, A.E., and VandeWoude, S. (2022). Current Topics in Dermatophyte Classification and Clinical Diagnosis. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11090957"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.2.240","article-title":"The dermatophytes","volume":"8","author":"Weitzman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.03.062","article-title":"Onychomycosis: Clinical Overview and Diagnosis","volume":"80","author":"Lipner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2165\/11592120-000000000-00000","article-title":"Healh-related quality of life in patients with nail disorders","volume":"12","author":"Reich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1997.tb02626.x","article-title":"The impact of onychomycosis on quality of life","volume":"22","author":"Whittam","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy776","article-title":"Estimation of Direct Healthcare Costs of Fungal Diseases in the United States","volume":"68","author":"Benedict","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2008.01606.x","article-title":"Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide","volume":"51","author":"Havlickova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2005). Epidemiology and Management of Common Skin Diseases in Children in Developing Countries, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/69229."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"CD010031","article-title":"Oral antifungal medication for toenail onychomycosis","volume":"2017","author":"Hawke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00111-14","article-title":"The low keratin affinity of efinaconazole contributes to its nail penetration and fungicidal activity in topical onychomycosis treatment","volume":"58","author":"Sugiura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02716.x","article-title":"KP\u2013103, a novel triazole derivative, is effective in preventing relapse and successfully treating experimental interdigital tinea pedis and tinea corporis in guinea pigs","volume":"46","author":"Tatsum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.7547\/14-109","article-title":"Azole Resistance in Dermatophytes: Prevalence and Mechanism of Action","volume":"106","author":"Ghannoum","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00115-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00115-17","article-title":"Terbinafine resistance of Trichophyton clinical isolates caused by specific point mutations in the squalene epoxidase gene","volume":"61","author":"Yamada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Rossi, N.M., Bitencourt, T.A., Peres, N.T.A., Lang, E.A.S., Gomes, E.V., Quaresemin, N.R., Martins, M.P., Lopes, L., and Rossi, A. (2018). Dermatophyte Resistance to Antifungal Drugs: Mechanisms and Prospectus. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01108"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-008-9109-0","article-title":"Update in antifungal therapy of dermatophytosis","volume":"166","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e775","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.775","article-title":"Protective manifestation of herbonanoceuticals as antifungals: A possible drug candidate for dermatophytic infection","volume":"5","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dou, Q.P. (2019). Tea in Health and Disease. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040929"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9966738","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9966738","article-title":"Camellia sinensis in Dentistry: Technological Prospection and Scientific Evidence","volume":"2021","author":"Valadas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paiva, L., Rego, C., Lima, E., Marcone, M., and Baptista, J. (2021). Comparative Analysis of the Polyphenols, Caffeine, and Antioxidant Activities of Green Tea, White Tea, and Flowers from Azorean Camellia sinensis Varieties Affected by Different Harvested and Processing Conditions. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020183"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200600173","article-title":"Overview of antibacterial, antitoxin, antiviral, and antifungal activities of tea flavonoids and teas","volume":"51","author":"Friedman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"148","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and in vitro antifungal activity of Camellia sinensis","volume":"6","author":"Inamdar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, F., Chen, Y.P., Wu, H., Li, Y., Zhang, S., Ke, J., and Yao, J.Y. (2023). Characterization of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) flower extract and insights into its antifungal susceptibilities of Aspergillus flavus. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-023-04122-5"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.3620370302","article-title":"In vitro studies on antifungal activity of tea (Camellia sinensis) and coffee (Coffea arabica) against wood-rotting fungi","volume":"37","author":"Arora","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2018.06.003","article-title":"Antifungal activity of Camellia sinensis crude extracts against four species of Candida and Microsporum persicolor","volume":"28","author":"Akroum","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med Mycol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.113845","article-title":"An overview of tea polyphenols as bioactive agents for food packaging applications","volume":"167","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, A.M., and Sousa, C. (2021). A Review on the Biological Activity of Camellia Species. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26082178"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.16137","article-title":"Phytochemical profile of differently processed tea: A review","volume":"87","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.02.048","article-title":"Pharmacological values and therapeutic properties of black tea (Camellia sinensis): A comprehensive overview","volume":"100","author":"Naveed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Wilmot, M. (2023, January 16). Inhibition of Phytopathogenic Fungi on Selected Vegetable Crops by Catechins, Caffeine, Theanine and Extracts of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. (Magister Scientiae Dissertation). Available online: https:\/\/repository.up.ac.za\/dspace\/handle\/2263\/26854."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1159\/000216836","article-title":"Antifungal activity of black tea polyphenols (catechins and theaflavins) against Candida species","volume":"55","author":"Sitheeque","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000555","article-title":"Effects of tea extracts on the colonization behaviour of Candida species: Attachment inhibition and biofilm enhancement","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.18814","article-title":"Antioxidant and antifungal activities of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze leaves obtained by different forms of production","volume":"76","author":"Camargo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3412\/jsb.46.509","article-title":"Antifungal and fungicidal activities of tea extract and catechin against Trichophyton","volume":"46","author":"Okubo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2011.52.3.535","article-title":"In vitro antifungal activity of epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate against clinical isolates of dermatophytes","volume":"52","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-017-0262-8","article-title":"Highlighting mass spectrometric fragmentation differences and similarities between hydroxycinnamoyl-quinic acids and hydroxycinnamoyl-isocitric acids","volume":"11","author":"Masike","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.02.132","article-title":"LC-DAD\u2013ESI-MS\/MS characterization of phenolic constituents in Turkish black tea: Effect of infusion time and temperature","volume":"204","author":"Kelebek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2021.11.006","article-title":"Unique distribution of ellagitannins in ripe strawberry fruit revealed by mass spectrometry imaging","volume":"4","author":"Enomoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, P., Quir\u00f3s-Guerrero, L., Silva, C., Pamplona, S., Boutin, J.A., Eberlin, M., Wolfender, J.L., and Silva, M. (2021). Feature-Based Molecular Network-Guided Dereplication of Natural Bioactive Products from Leaves of Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum (Willd.) Hochr. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11050281"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-018-3201-6","article-title":"Characterization of catechins, theaflavins, and flavonols by leaf processing step in green and black teas (Camellia sinensis) using UPLC-DAD-QToF\/MS","volume":"245","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlEraky, D.M., Abuohashish, H.M., Gad, M.M., Alshuyukh, M.H., Bugshan, A.S., Almulhim, K.S., and Mahmoud, M.M. (2022). The Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activities of Caffeine against Candida albicans on Polymethyl Methacrylate Denture Base Material. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10092078"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46542-0","article-title":"Evaluation of susceptibility of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum clinical isolates to antifungal drugs using a modified CLSI microdilution method (M38-A)","volume":"56","author":"Barros","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.40.2.179.183","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of Microsporum canis and other dermatophyte isolates from veterinary infections during therapy with terbinafine or griseofulvin","volume":"40","author":"Hofbauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70482-7","article-title":"Fungicidal versus fungistatic activity of terbinafine and itraconazole: An in vitro comparison","volume":"38","author":"Hazen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58203-3","article-title":"Improved efficacy of antifungal drugs in combination with monoterpene phenols against Candida auris","volume":"10","author":"Shaban","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aboulwafa, M.M., Youssef, F.S., Gad, H.A., Altyar, A.E., Al-Azizi, M.M., and Ashour, M.L. (2019). A Comprehensive Insight on the Health Benefits and Phytoconstituents of Camellia sinensis and Recent Approaches for Its Quality Control. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8100455"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2020.07.004","article-title":"Variability of antioxidant properties, catechins, caffeine, L-theanine and other amino acids in different plant parts of Azorean Camellia sinensis","volume":"3","author":"Paiva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2021.100160","article-title":"Processing, chemical signature and food industry applications of Camellia sinensis teas: An overview","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.12.050","article-title":"Comparison of Azorean tea theanine to teas from other origins by HPLC\/DAD\/FD. Effect of fermentation, drying temperature, drying time and shoot maturity","volume":"132","author":"Baptista","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paiva, L., Lima, E., Motta, M., Marcone, M., and Baptista, J. (2022). Investigation of the Azorean Camellia sinensis Processing Conditions to Maximize the Theaflavin 3,3\u2019-di-O-Gallate Content as a Potential Antiviral Compound. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061066"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Antifungal Activities of Camellia Sinensis Crude Extract on Selected Pathogenic and Mycotoxic Fungi","volume":"2","author":"Cheruiyot","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.12858","article-title":"Evaluation of hot and cold extraction of bioactive compounds in teas","volume":"50","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.176061","article-title":"Theanine and Caffeine Content of Infusions Prepared from Commercial Tea Samples","volume":"12","author":"Boros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0963-9969(00)00156-3","article-title":"Determination of flavonols in green and black tea leaves and green tea infusions by high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2019.1604948","article-title":"Antifungal effects of the flavonoids kaempferol and quercetin: A possible alternative for the control of fungal biofilms","volume":"35","author":"Rocha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-016-0082-8","article-title":"The Changing Face of Dermatophytic Infections Worldwide","volume":"182","author":"Zhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brescini, L., Fioriti, S., Morroni, G., and Barchiesi, F. (2021). Antifungal Combinations in Dermatophytes. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202108.0276.v1"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kane, A., and Carter, D.A. (2022). Augmenting Azoles with Drug Synergy to Expand the Antifungal Toolbox. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202203.0262.v1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh046","article-title":"Multiple effects of green tea catechin on the antifungal activity of antimycotics against Candida albicans","volume":"53","author":"Hirasawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2019.01.011","article-title":"Synergistic effects of tea polyphenol epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate and azole drugs against oral Candida isolates","volume":"29","author":"Behbehani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2021.108823","article-title":"Synthesis of aminoacylated ergosterols: A new lipid component of fungi","volume":"169","author":"Yokokawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loi, M., Paciolla, C., Logrieco, A.F., and Mul\u00e8, G. (2020). Plant Bioactive Compounds in Pre- and Postharvest Management for Aflatoxins Reduction. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00243"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bitencourt, T.A., Komoto, T.T., Massaroto, B.G., Miranda, C.E., Beleboni, R.O., Marins, M., and Fachin, A.L. (2013). Trans-chalcone and quercetin down-regulate fatty acid synthase gene expression and reduce ergosterol content in the human pathogenic dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-229"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01474.x","article-title":"Tasting the fungal cell wall","volume":"12","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20441","article-title":"The structure and synthesis of the fungal cell wall","volume":"28","author":"Bowman","year":"2006","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.FUNK-0035-2016","article-title":"The fungal cell wall: Structure, biosynthesis, and function","volume":"5","author":"Gow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2022.2050224","article-title":"Echinocandins\u2013structure, mechanism of action and use in antifungal therapy","volume":"37","author":"Chmielewska","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14472-8","article-title":"Echinocandin antifungal drugs","volume":"362","author":"Denning","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00996.x","article-title":"In vitro activity of nikkomycin Z alone and in combination with polyenes, triazoles or echinocandins against Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"10","author":"Ganesan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02647-13","article-title":"Modulation of Alternaria infectoria cell wall chitin and glucan synthesis by cell wall synthase inhibitors","volume":"58","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3949813","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3949813","article-title":"Synergistic Effects of Cilostazol and Probucol on ER Stress-Induced Hepatic Steatosis via Heme Oxygenase-1-Dependent Activation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis","volume":"2016","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.05184-11","article-title":"Mitochondria and fungal pathogenesis: Drug tolerance, virulence, and potential for antifungal therapy","volume":"10","author":"Traven","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1992.tb00272.x","article-title":"Influence of amorolfine on the morphology of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes","volume":"17","author":"Melchinger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarty, T.P., and Pappas, P.G. (2021). Antifungal Pipeline. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.732223"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koch, W., Zag\u00f3rska, J., Marzec, Z., and Kukula-Koch, W. (2019). Applications of Tea (Camellia sinensis) and its Active Constituents in Cosmetics. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24234277"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.10.3776-3781.2002","article-title":"Optimal testing conditions for determining MICs and minimum fungicidal concentrations of new and established antifungal agents for uncommon molds: NCCLS collaborative study","volume":"40","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2021.101543","article-title":"New and simplified method for drug combination studies by checkerboard assay","volume":"8","author":"Bellio","year":"2021","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Dieases (ESCMID) (2000). EUCAST Definitive Document E.Def 1.2, May 2000: Terminology relating to methods for the determination of susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 6, 503\u2013508."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, C., Mota, M., Barros, L., Dias, M.I., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., Piedade, A.P., Casadevall, A., and Gon\u00e7alves, T. (2021). Pyomelanin Synthesis in Alternaria alternata Inhibits DHN-Melanin Synthesis and Decreases Cell Wall Chitin Content and Thickness. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.691433"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01610-05","article-title":"Caspofungin susceptibility in Aspergillus and non-Aspergillus molds: Inhibition of glucan synthase and reduction of beta-D-1,3 glucan levels in culture","volume":"50","author":"Kahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01729.x","article-title":"The cell wall architecture of Candida albicans wild-type cells and cell wall-defective mutants","volume":"35","author":"Kapteyn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60075a005","article-title":"Yeast analysis, spectrophotometric semimicro determination of ergosterol in yeast","volume":"5","author":"Breivik","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calheiros, D., Dias, M.I., Calhelha, R.C., Barros, L., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., Fernandes, C., and Gon\u00e7alves, T. (2023). Antifungal Activity of Spent Coffee Ground Extracts. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020242"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/23\/7775\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:30:10Z","timestamp":1760131810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/23\/7775"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28237775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28237775","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]}}}