{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T13:01:59Z","timestamp":1771851719382,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["UIDP\/04292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04292\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/120250\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/120250\/2016"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/146080\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/146080\/2019"]}]},{"name":"ESF (European Social Fund)","award":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04292\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ESF (European Social Fund)","award":["UIDP\/04292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04292\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ESF (European Social Fund)","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ESF (European Social Fund)","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ESF (European Social Fund)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ESF (European Social Fund)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ESF (European Social Fund)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/120250\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/120250\/2016"]}]},{"name":"ESF (European Social Fund)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/146080\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/146080\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, different extraction methods and conditions were used for the extraction of antioxidants from brown macroalgae Fucus spiralis. The extraction methodologies used were ultrasound-assisted extraction (ultrasonic bath and ultrasonic probe), extraction with a vortex, extraction with an Ultra-Turrax\u00ae homogenizer, and high-pressure-assisted extraction. The extracts were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity, and evaluated through the 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Ultrasonic probe-assisted extraction yielded the highest values of TPC (94.78\u2013474.16 mg gallic acid equivalents\/g extract). Regarding the antioxidant activity, vortex-assisted extraction gave the best DPPH results (IC50 1.89\u201316 \u00b5g\/mL), while the highest FRAP results were obtained using the Ultra-Turrax\u00ae homogenizer (502.16\u20131188.81 \u03bcmol ascorbic acid equivalents\/g extract). For each extraction method, response surface methodology was used to analyze the influence of the experimental conditions \u201cextraction time\u201d (t), \u201cbiomass\/solvent ratio\u201d (R), \u201csolvent\u201d (S, water % in water\/ethanol mixture), and \u201cpressure\u201d (P) on TPC, DPPH, and FRAP of the F. spiralis extracts. In general, higher TPC content and higher antioxidant capacity (lower IC50 and higher FRAP) were obtained with higher R, t, and P, and lower S (higher ethanol %). The model regarding the combined effects of independent variables t, R, and S on the FRAP response values for vortex-assisted extractions best fitted the experimental data (R2 0.957), with optimal extraction conditions of t = 300 s, R = 50 g, and S = 25%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29102271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T09:28:25Z","timestamp":1715592505000},"page":"2271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Extraction of Antioxidants from Brown Macroalgae Fucus spiralis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Horta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, Cetemares, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal"},{"name":"Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Avenida Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, Cetemares, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6152-265X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, Cetemares, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipa R.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, Cetemares, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9681-3169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, Cetemares, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6078-4538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasco","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5536-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8008-9839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria M.","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, Cetemares, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Hassan, H.A., Awasthi, M.K., Gajendran, B., Sharma, M., Ji, M.-K., and Salama, E.-S. 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