{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T20:36:53Z","timestamp":1775248613204,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MEDISMART project Mediterranean Citrus innovative soft processing solutions","award":["DOI 10.54499\/PRIMA\/0014\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOI 10.54499\/PRIMA\/0014\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rising incidence of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) has been leading to the development of alternative antifungal therapies. This study aimed to develop a topical chitosan\u2013oleic acid nanoparticle (CH-OA-NP) cream loaded with lemon peel essential oil (LPEO) for VVC treatment. The characterization of the optimal nanoparticle formulation (F4: 10 g\/L CH, 2:1 OA\/LPEO ratio) showed high encapsulation efficiency, stability, and controlled release. Moreover, it was characterized regarding its particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and chemical\/morphological profile. LPEO-related compounds (e.g., eriodictyol) were identified through LC-ESI-QqTOF-HRMS in the cream matrix, suggesting the preservation of LPEO potential bioactivities after formulation. In silico docking of 12 LPEO metabolites revealed that compounds such as citronellic acid exerted inhibitory effects against several inflammation-associated enzymes (e.g., 14-\u03b1-Demethylase). In vitro antimicrobial tests demonstrated remarkable activity against Candida albicans, Gram-negative (e.g., Escherichia coli), and Gram-positive (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. In vivo studies in a rat model of VVC revealed significant antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects of the LPEO-CH-OA-NP cream (5% and 10%), leading to reduced MDA, MPO, and IL-1\u03b2 levels and increased GSH activity. This novel formulation potentially offers a promising alternative therapy for VVC, addressing the current antifungal therapies\u2019 limitations, counteracting drug resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29235766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T03:44:47Z","timestamp":1733456687000},"page":"5766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Bioactive Potential of Chitosan\u2013Oleic Acid Nanoparticles Loaded with Lemon Peel Essential Oil for Topical Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8769-9667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faten M.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo P.O. Box 12622, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3932-2301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman Samy","family":"Shalaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo P.O. Box 12622, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6100-6498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed F.","family":"Abdelhameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza P.O. Box 12622, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0245-1406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radwa H.","family":"El-Akad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza P.O. Box 12622, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Kawkab A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza P.O. Box 12211, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Abdel-Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo P.O. Box 12622, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4126-1998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El Sayed","family":"El Habbasha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Field Crops Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo P.O. Box 12622, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5937-2253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina V.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina, Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0760-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Pintado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina, Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balakrishnan, S.N., Yamang, H., Lorenz, M.C., Chew, S.Y., and Than, L.T.L. (2022). 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