{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:15:41Z","timestamp":1768986941154,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04585\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04585\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["PIDDAC\u2014UIDB\/00100\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIDDAC\u2014UIDB\/00100\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/00100\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00100\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present work reports the development, optimization, and validation, of a methodology to determine lidocaine, procaine, tetracaine, and benzocaine in urine matrices. Two extractive preconcentration techniques, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) LC Tips and bar adsorptive microextraction (BA\u03bcE), were studied and applied to the four target anesthetics, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Several parameters that could affect microextraction and back-extraction were optimized using two different designs of experiments (Box\u2013Behnken and full-factorial) to maximize extraction efficiency from aqueous media. Under optimized experimental conditions, the BA\u03bcE technique showed better performance than SPME LC Tips and was chosen for validation assays and urine sample analysis. In blank urine, the BA\u00b5E\/GC-MS methodology revealed suitable sensitivity (LOD between 2 and 18 ng\/mL), good linearity (r2 \u2265 0.9945) between 0.5 and 30.0 \u00b5g\/mL and recovery yields of 30.3\u201397.9%. Good precision (%RSD \u2264 8.8%) and accuracy (bias % between \u221215.9 and 15.0%) values were achieved. The developed methodology was successfully applied to the target anesthetics analysis of volunteers\u2019 urine matrices and proved to be an environmentally friendly alternative to monitor trace levels of local anesthetics in complex matrices compared to other extraction techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30010068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T13:37:51Z","timestamp":1735738671000},"page":"68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bar Adsorptive Microextraction Approach for Trace Determination of Local Anesthetics in Urine Matrices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2994-3379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana R. P.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ci\u00eancias Forenses e Psicol\u00f3gicas Egas Moniz, Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniela C.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ci\u00eancias Forenses e Psicol\u00f3gicas Egas Moniz, Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9879-1565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno R.","family":"Neng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ci\u00eancias Forenses e Psicol\u00f3gicas Egas Moniz, Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0269-6983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Maur\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Rehabilitation Department, CiiEM, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8229-1707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Edite","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ci\u00eancias Forenses e Psicol\u00f3gicas Egas Moniz, Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6921-1610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samir M.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ci\u00eancias Forenses e Psicol\u00f3gicas Egas Moniz, Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5188-0453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Quintas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ci\u00eancias Forenses e Psicol\u00f3gicas Egas Moniz, Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2344\/0003-3006-59.2.90","article-title":"Local Anesthetics: Review of Pharmacological Considerations","volume":"59","author":"Becker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesth. 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