{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T05:03:45Z","timestamp":1773983025926,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]],"date-time":"2025-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["NanoBioMitig\u20142022.06149.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NanoBioMitig\u20142022.06149.PTDC"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/04046\/2025,UIDP\/00100\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04046\/2025,UIDP\/00100\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/00100\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00100\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent research efforts to mitigate the burden of biofouling in marine environments have focused on the development of environmentally friendly coatings that can provide long-lasting protective effects. In this study, the antifouling performance of novel polyurethane (PU)-based coatings containing cyclam-based Fe(III) complexes against Cobetia marina biofilm formation was investigated. Biofilm assays were performed over 42 days under controlled hydrodynamic conditions that mimicked marine environments. Colony-forming units (CFU) determination and flow cytometric (FC) analysis showed that PU-coated surfaces incorporating 1 wt.% of complexes with formula [{R2(4-CF3PhCH2)2Cyclam}FeCl2]Cl (R = H, HOCH2CH2CH2) significantly reduced both culturable and total cells of C. marina biofilms up to 50% (R = H) and 38% (R = HOCH2CH2CH2) compared to PU-coated surface without complexes (control surface). The biofilm architecture was further analyzed using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), which showed that biofilms formed on the PU-coated surfaces containing cyclam-based Fe(III) complexes exhibited a significantly reduced thickness (58\u201361% reduction), biovolume (50\u201360% reduction), porosity (95\u201397% reduction), and contour coefficient (77% reduction) compared to the control surface, demonstrating a more uniform and compact structure. These findings were also supported by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) images, which showed a decrease in biofilm surface coverage on PU-coated surfaces containing cyclam-based Fe(III) complexes. Moreover, FC analysis revealed that exposure to PU-coated surfaces increases bacterial metabolic activity and induces ROS production. These results underscore the potential of these complexes to incorporate PU-coated surfaces as bioactive additives in coatings to effectively deter long-term bacterial colonization in marine environments, thereby addressing biofouling-related challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30040917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T12:36:57Z","timestamp":1739795817000},"page":"917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["New Cyclam-Based Fe(III) Complexes Coatings Targeting Cobetia marina Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"F\u00e1bio M.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8992-1097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana C.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7546-9362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Teixeira-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2654-6848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana P.","family":"Carapeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioISI\u2014Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5233-1037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe J.","family":"Mergulh\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Almada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioISI\u2014Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6679-4374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete R.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioISI\u2014Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7938-9850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis G.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o do Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico Para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento, Av. Ant\u00f3nio Jos\u00e9 de Almeida n\u00ba12, 1000-043 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1251","article-title":"Trends in the development of environmentally friendly fouling-resistant marine coatings","volume":"2","author":"Callow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"212","article-title":"The challenge to find new sustainable antifouling approaches for shipping","volume":"34","author":"Blanck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Coast. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201001215","article-title":"Antifouling coatings: Recent developments in the design of surfaces that prevent fouling by proteins, bacteria, and marine organisms","volume":"23","author":"Banerjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. 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