{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:47:24Z","timestamp":1777078044025,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/0696\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/0696\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["10.54499\/CEECINST\/00107\/2021\/CP2793\/CT0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/CEECINST\/00107\/2021\/CP2793\/CT0002"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/0696\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/0696\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["10.54499\/CEECINST\/00107\/2021\/CP2793\/CT0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/CEECINST\/00107\/2021\/CP2793\/CT0002"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/0696\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/0696\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["10.54499\/CEECINST\/00107\/2021\/CP2793\/CT0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/CEECINST\/00107\/2021\/CP2793\/CT0002"]}]},{"name":"Lillian Barros","award":["PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/0696\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/0696\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Lillian Barros","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Lillian Barros","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Lillian Barros","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Lillian Barros","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Lillian Barros","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Lillian Barros","award":["10.54499\/CEECINST\/00107\/2021\/CP2793\/CT0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/CEECINST\/00107\/2021\/CP2793\/CT0002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sericin has been characterized as demonstrating a variety of bioactivities, establishing it as a valuable resource for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. The diverse biological activities of sericin are likely linked to its unique biochemical composition and properties. This study aimed to assess the effect of origin, seasonality, and amino acid composition on the bioactivity of sericin samples from two Portuguese regions compared to commercial sericin. The amino acid profile was analyzed using HPLC-FLD. Moreover, several bioactivities were assessed through in vitro assays, including antiproliferative effects, cell migration, antimicrobial activity, anticoagulant properties, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory effects. The results obtained in this work revealed that the origin and season affect the sericin amino acid profile. In its pure state, sericin exhibited a low content of free amino acids, with tyrosine being the most abundant (53.42\u201384.99%). In contrast, hydrolyzed sericin displayed a higher amino acid content dominated by serine (54.05\u201359.48%). Regarding bioactivities, the sericin tested did not demonstrate antioxidant or anti-inflammatory potential in the conducted tests. Notwithstanding, it showed antiproliferative activity in contact with human tumor cell lines at a minimum concentration of 0.52 mg\/mL. Regarding antimicrobial activity, sericin had the capacity to inhibit the growth of the bacteria and fungi tested at concentrations between 5 and 10 mg\/mL. Additionally, sericin demonstrated its capacity to prolong the coagulation time in pooled human plasma, indicating a potential anticoagulant activity. In addition, the origin and season also revealed their impact on biological activities, and sericin collected in Bragan\u00e7a in 2021 (S3) and 2022 (S4) demonstrated higher antiproliferative, antibacterial, and anticoagulant potentials. Future studies should focus on optimizing sericin\u2019s bioactivities and elucidating its molecular mechanisms for clinical and therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30051179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T04:55:08Z","timestamp":1741236908000},"page":"1179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Chemical Characterization and Bioactivities of Sericin Extracted from Silkworm Cocoons from Two Regions of Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3440-4831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (LiveWell), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRIDGES\u2014Biotechnology Research Innovation Design of Health Products, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina M.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3735-6951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soraia I.","family":"Falc\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7274-0399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia P.","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRIDGES\u2014Biotechnology Research Innovation Design of Health Products, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6357-8115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximiano P.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRIDGES\u2014Biotechnology Research Innovation Design of Health Products, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"},{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9050-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lillian","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6832-3082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRIDGES\u2014Biotechnology Research Innovation Design of Health Products, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6989-1169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josiana","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (LiveWell), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01809","article-title":"Mechanism of silk processing in insects and spiders","volume":"424","author":"Jin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Babu, K.M. (2018). Silk: Processing, Properties and Applications, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunz, R.I., Brancalh\u00e3o, R.M.C., Ribeiro, L.D.F.C., and Natali, M.R.M. (2016). Silkworm Sericin: Properties and Biomedical Applications. BioMed Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8175701"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2141","article-title":"Lipase immobilization on biodegradable film with sericin","volume":"69","author":"Castro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.12.082","article-title":"Processing and characterization of silk sericin from Bombyx mori and its application in biomaterials and biomedicines","volume":"61","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"158","article-title":"Three-Layered Sericins around the Silk Fibroin Fiber from Bombyx mori Cocoon and their Amino Acid Composition","volume":"175\u2013176","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mat. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0887","article-title":"Structure and physical properties of silkworm cocoons","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06195-2","article-title":"Sericin modulates learning and memory behaviors by tuning of antioxidant, inflammatory, and apoptotic markers in the hippocampus of aged mice","volume":"48","author":"Seyedaghamiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122328","article-title":"Carboxymethyl cellulose\/sericin-based hydrogels with intrinsic antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties promote re-epithelization of diabetic wounds in rats","volume":"629","author":"Hassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.6604","article-title":"Enzymatic valorization process of yellow cocoon waste for production of antioxidative sericin and fibroin film","volume":"96","author":"Yakul","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S378806","article-title":"Synthesis of Biogenic Gold Nanoparticles by Using Sericin Protein from Bombyx mori Silk Cocoon and Investigation of Its Wound Healing, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Potentials","volume":"18","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1000390","article-title":"Extraction, Structural and Functional Properties of Silk Sericin Biopolymer from Bombyx mori Silk Cocoon Waste","volume":"91","author":"Saha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Text. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manesa, K.C., Kebede, T.G., Dube, S., and Nindi, M.M. (2020). Profiling of Silk Sericin from Cocoons of Three Southern African Wild Silk Moths with a Focus on Their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13245706"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2021.06.007","article-title":"The therapeutic effects of Bombyx mori sericin on rat skin psoriasis through modulated epidermal immunity and attenuated cell proliferation","volume":"11","author":"Rujimongkon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520623666230329123437","article-title":"Antheraea proylei J. Sericin Induces Apoptosis in a Caspase-Dependent Manner in A549 and HeLa Cells","volume":"24","author":"Devi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anticancer. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ai, L., He, H., Wang, P., Cai, R., Tao, G., Yang, M., Liu, L., Zuo, H., Zhao, P., and Wang, Y. (2019). Rational Design and Fabrication of ZnONPs Functionalized Sericin\/PVA Antimicrobial Sponge. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194796"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, S., Chowdhury, T., and Ghosh, A.K. (2020). Green synthesis of poly-L-lysine-coated sericin nanoparticles and their molecular size-dependent antibacterial activity. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 188.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.110822"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.111","article-title":"Silk sericin has significantly hypoglycaemic effect in type 2 diabetic mice via anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation","volume":"150","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TX00294K","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of ethanolic extract from the green cocoon shell of silkworm Bombyx mori on type 2 diabetic mice and its hypoglycaemic mechanism","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanpipit, N., Nualkaew, N., and Thapphasaraphong, S. (2022). The Potential of Purple Waxy Corn Cob (Zea mays L.) Extract Loaded-Sericin Hydrogel for Anti-Hyperpigmentation, UV Protection and Anti-Aging Properties as Topical Product Applications. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16010035"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1039\/c9pp00059c","article-title":"The inhibitory effect of silk sericin against ultraviolet-induced melanogenesis and its potential use in cosmeceutics as an anti-hyperpigmentation compound","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"193","article-title":"Aplicaciones de la sericina: Una proteina globular proveniente de la seda","volume":"18","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ing. Compet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s41745-019-00114-y","article-title":"Silk: A Promising Biomaterial Opening New Vistas Towards Affordable Healthcare Solutions","volume":"99","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Indian. Inst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, A.S., Costa, E.C., Reis, S., Spencer, C., Calhelha, R.C., Miguel, S.P., Ribeiro, M.P., Barros, L., Vaz, J.A., and Coutinho, P. (2022). Silk Sericin: A Promising Sustainable Biomaterial for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14224931"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"266","article-title":"High Molecular Sericin from Bombyx mori Cocoons: Extraction and Recovering by Ultrafiltration","volume":"5","author":"Gimenes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Eng. Appl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1042\/BA20090186","article-title":"Properties and antityrosinase activity of sericin from various extraction methods","volume":"55","author":"Aramwit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.07.001","article-title":"Sericin improves heart and liver mitochondrial architecture in hypercholesterolaemic rats and maintains pancreatic and adrenal cell biosynthesis","volume":"358","author":"Ampawong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2012.09.017","article-title":"Extraction conditions of Antheraea mylitta sericin with high yields and minimum molecular weight degradation","volume":"52","author":"Yun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-022-03932-6","article-title":"Acid Hydrolysis and Optimization Techniques for Nanoparticles Preparation: Current Review","volume":"194","author":"Harun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(98)00721-3","article-title":"Hydrolysis and amino acid composition analysis of proteins","volume":"826","author":"Fountoulakis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eAO4876","DOI":"10.31744\/einstein_journal\/2020AO4876","article-title":"Sericin as treatment of obesity: Morphophysiological effects in obese mice fed with high-fat diet","volume":"18","author":"Kunz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Einstein"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.2306\/scienceasia1513-1874.2013.39.252","article-title":"The effect of dietary sericin on rats","volume":"39","author":"Keawkorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"ScienceAsia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216681553","article-title":"Sericin ameliorated dysmorphic mitochondria in high-cholesterol diet\/streptozotocin rat by antioxidative property","volume":"242","author":"Ampawong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-97602012000100006","article-title":"Effects of silk sericin on the proliferation and apoptosis of colon cancer cells","volume":"45","author":"Kaewkorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.10.063","article-title":"Silk sericin induced pro-oxidative stress leads to apoptosis in human cancer cells","volume":"123","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32462","article-title":"Modulation of cell growth on exposure to silkworm and spider silk fibers","volume":"92A","author":"Hakimi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2004.09.008","article-title":"The Acrolepiopsis assectella silk cocoon: Kairomonal function and chemical characterisation","volume":"50","author":"Gauthier","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0962-1075.2001.00282.x","article-title":"Identification of four small molecular mass proteins in the silk of Bombyx mori","volume":"10","author":"Nirmala","year":"2001","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roudi, R., Syn, N.L., and Roudbary, M. (2017). Antimicrobial peptides as biologic and immunotherapeutic agents against cancer: A comprehensive overview. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01320"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1021\/bc9701611","article-title":"Membrane permeabilization and efficient gene transfer by a peptide containing several histidines","volume":"9","author":"Midoux","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bioconjug Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-007-7499-7","article-title":"The cytotoxicity of eosinophil cationic protein\/ribonuclease 3 on eukaryotic cell lines takes place through its aggregation on the cell membrane","volume":"65","author":"Navarro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.37.153","article-title":"Combination of aspartic acid and glutamic acid inhibits tumor cell proliferation","volume":"37","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700158","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.201700158","article-title":"Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of New Peptide Analogues as Selective COX-2 Inhibitors","volume":"350","author":"Ahmaditaba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2174\/138920306779025611","article-title":"Anticancer alpha-helical peptides and structure\/function relationships underpinning their interactions with tumour cell membranes","volume":"7","author":"Dennison","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.140.3.485","article-title":"Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged cysteine-rich domains from protein kinase C as fluorescent indicators for diacylglycerol signaling in living cells","volume":"140","author":"Oancea","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-008-9159-7","article-title":"ChBac3.4: A novel proline-rich antimicrobial peptide from goat leukocytes","volume":"15","author":"Shamova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b10254","article-title":"Spatial position regulates power of tryptophan: Discovery of a major-groove-specific nuclear-localizing, cell-penetrating tetrapeptide","volume":"140","author":"Bhunia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/med.20252","article-title":"On the selectivity and efficacy of defense peptides with respect to cancer cells","volume":"33","author":"Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.3109\/13880200903300212","article-title":"Free radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibition activity of oils and sericin extracted from Thai native silkworms (Bombyx mori)","volume":"48","author":"Manosroi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.05.002","article-title":"Antioxidant potential of mulberry and non-mulberry silk sericin and its implications in biomedicine","volume":"108","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.8b00558","article-title":"Protective Activity of Silk Sericin against UV Radiation-Induced Skin Damage by Downregulating Oxidative Stress","volume":"1","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"JRAME-21-9-019","article-title":"A critical review on application of silk sericin and its mechanical properties in various industries","volume":"9","author":"Fatahian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Res. Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.10.014","article-title":"Silk sericin: A versatile material for tissue engineering and drug delivery","volume":"33","author":"Lamboni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00158-3","article-title":"Macrophage responses to silk","volume":"24","author":"Panilaitis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2008.08.002","article-title":"Natural protective glue protein, sericin bioengineered by silkworms: Potential for biomedical and biotechnological applications","volume":"33","author":"Kundu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baptista-Silva, S., Bernardes, B.G., Borges, S., Rodrigues, I., Fernandes, R., Gomes-Guerreiro, S., Pinto, M.T., Pintado, M., Soares, R., and Costa, R. (2022). Exploring Silk Sericin for Diabetic Wounds: An In Situ-Forming Hydrogel to Protect against Oxidative Stress and Improve Tissue Healing and Regeneration. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12060801"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noosak, C., Jantorn, P., Meesane, J., Voravuthikunchai, S., and Saeloh, D. (2022). Dual-functional bioactive silk sericin for osteoblast responses and osteomyelitis treatment. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264795"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"de Magalh\u00e3es, A.P.S.A. (2015). Atividade Antimicrobiana em T\u00eaxteis. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Porto]."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Caldeira, E.S.D.A. (2012). Biofuncionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o do Algod\u00e3o com L-Ciste\u00edna: Estudo do Efeito Antibacteriano e dos Mecanismos de Ac\u00e7\u00e3o contra S. aureus e K. Pneumoniae. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Beira Interior]."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1163\/156856209X426853","article-title":"Sulfated sericin is a novel anticoagulant influencing the blood coagulation cascade","volume":"20","author":"Sano","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1163\/1568562041526469","article-title":"Sulfation of silk sericin and anticoagulant activity of sulfated sericin","volume":"15","author":"Tamada","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2006.11.009","article-title":"Vibrational spectroscopic study of sulphated silk proteins","volume":"834\u2013836","author":"Monti","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Umerah, C.O., and Momodu, I.I. (2023). Anticoagulation. Cardiology Board Review, Wiley. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aramwit, P., Kanokpanont, S., Nakpheng, T., and Srichana, T. (2010). The Effect of Sericin from Various Extraction Methods on Cell Viability and Collagen Production. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11052200"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-6576-3","article-title":"Viability and proliferation of L929, tumour and hybridoma cells in the culture media containing sericin protein as a supplement or serum substitute","volume":"99","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"103","article-title":"Evaluation of molecular weight distribution of sericin in solutions concentrated via precipitation by ethanol and precipitation by freezing\/thawing","volume":"38","author":"Ribani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/iey137","article-title":"Silk Sericin Hydrolysate is a Potential Candidate as a Serum-Substitute in the Culture of Chinese Hamster Ovary and Henrietta Lacks Cells","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Mora, C., Mrowiec, A., Garc\u00eda-Vizca\u00edno, E.M., Alcaraz, A., Cenis, J.L., and Nicol\u00e1s, F.J. (2012). Fibroin and Sericin from Bombyx mori Silk Stimulate Cell Migration through Upregulation and Phosphorylation of c-Jun. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042271"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"24123","article-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de Efeitos Biol\u00f3gicos da Sericina em Linhagem Celular de C\u00e2ncer De Pulm\u00e3o Humano","volume":"8","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahu, N., Pal, S., Sapru, S., Kundu, J., Talukdar, S., Singh, N.I., Yao, J., and Kundu, S.C. (2016). Non-Mulberry and Mulberry Silk Protein Sericins as Potential Media Supplement for Animal Cell Culture. BioMed Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7461041"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.06.145","article-title":"Seaweeds from the Portuguese coast as a source of proteinaceous material: Total and free amino acid composition profile","volume":"269","author":"Vieira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2013.07.019","article-title":"Bioactivity and chemical characterization in hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds of Chenopodium ambrosioides L.","volume":"5","author":"Barros","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1021\/jf8003114","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Portuguese Wild Mushrooms: A Comprehensive Study","volume":"56","author":"Barros","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.132778","article-title":"Nutritional and bioactive oils from salmon (Salmo salar) side streams obtained by Soxhlet and optimized microwave-assisted extraction","volume":"386","author":"Pinela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.06.008","article-title":"Chemical characterization, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties of bee venom collected in Northeast Portugal","volume":"94","author":"Sobral","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.08.010","article-title":"Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of dried Portuguese apple variety (Malus domestica Borkh. cv Bravo de Esmolfe)","volume":"240","author":"Pires","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"(2009). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 5: Tests for In Vitro Cytotoxicity (Standard No. ISO 10993-5:2009). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/36406.html."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.04.077","article-title":"Potential of silk sericin based nanofibrous mats for wound dressing applications","volume":"90","author":"Gilotra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-016-1621-3","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of bacterial nanocellulose wound dressing incorporating sericin and polyhexamethylene biguanide: In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies","volume":"308","author":"Napavichayanun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/5\/1179\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:48:00Z","timestamp":1760028480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/5\/1179"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30051179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30051179","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]}}}