{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T14:09:09Z","timestamp":1777644549238,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["LSRE-LCM, UIDB\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSRE-LCM, UIDB\/50020\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50020\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LEPABE","award":["LSRE-LCM, UIDB\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSRE-LCM, UIDB\/50020\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LEPABE","award":["UIDP\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50020\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LEPABE","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LEPABE","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["LSRE-LCM, UIDB\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSRE-LCM, UIDB\/50020\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["UIDP\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50020\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chitin and chitosan, versatile biopolymers extensively used in the food and cosmetic industries, are traditionally sourced from crustaceans. However, fungi such as Agaricus bisporus mushrooms present a sustainable, non-animal alternative. This study explored the potential of different Agaricus bisporus samples, including fresh mushrooms and production residues, as sources of chitin. Given that Agaricus bisporus mushrooms are also a rich source of ergosterol, the study additionally incorporated samples treated with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). The effects of deproteinisation conditions\u2014specifically the number of successive extractions, sodium hydroxide concentration, and extraction time\u2014were evaluated for fresh mushroom samples in terms of alkali-insoluble matter, chitin yields, and the degree of deacetylation (DD), with the latter determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that extraction time had no statistically significant impact on AIM or chitin yield, while the DD increased with prolonged extraction, plateauing after 60 min. Higher sodium hydroxide concentrations enhanced deacetylation, but adversely affected extraction yields. No significant differences in chitin\u2019s DD were observed between fresh mushroom and production residue samples, regardless of scCO2 treatment. This study demonstrates the viability of recovering chitin from Agaricus bisporus mushroom bio-residues, including those treated with scCO2, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative for chitin production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30071479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T12:41:02Z","timestamp":1743079262000},"page":"1479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Recovery of Chitin from Agaricus bisporus Mushrooms: Influence of Extraction Parameters and Supercritical CO2 Treatment on Fresh Mushrooms and Production Residues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia F.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2013Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2013Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6469-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia G.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2013Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos B.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2013Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7053-373X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaidelin A.","family":"Manrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2013Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Madalena M.","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2013Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-2186-5","article-title":"Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from Termitomyces titanicus","volume":"2","author":"Kasongo","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. 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