{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:48:43Z","timestamp":1777891723213,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"unda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P. (FCT)","award":["ALT20-03-0145-FEDER-029867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-03-0145-FEDER-029867"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Under the principles of the circular economy and sustainability, consumers, the food industry and health authorities have interest in new natural food preservatives to prevent foodborne diseases and increase produce shelf life. This work aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of cowpea plant extracts. Grain, pod and leaf extracts from five Portuguese cowpea accessions were characterized in terms of their phenolic content. The values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined against pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, as well as on post-harvest pathogenic filamentous fungi. In general, the phenolic content of pod extracts was higher than that of grains and leaves, although leaf extracts had the highest content of a broad-spectrum antibacterial flavonoid, quercetin. Grain extracts exhibited no detectable antimicrobial activity. In contrast, leaf and pod extracts from all five accessions generally displayed bactericidal effects. For bacteria, pod extracts showed MICs ranging from 5.1 to 87.7 mg\/mL and MBCs from 20.3 to 87.7 mg\/mL. Leaf extracts showed the most promising results, with MICs and MBCs ranging from 1.1 to 9.1 mg\/mL. The results against fungi were not so expressive; nevertheless, P. expansum was inhibited by 9 L leaf extract even if at a higher concentration (MIC = 18 mg\/mL) than those obtained for bacteria. The Portuguese variety Fradel (1E) showed very promising antibacterial activity, with leaf extracts showing low MBC values (from 2.3 to 9.1 mg\/mL). The obtained results indicate that cowpea pods and leaves have antimicrobial properties and could potentially be used as a source of compounds for food preservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30112348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T06:30:26Z","timestamp":1748413826000},"page":"2348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Extracts from Five Portuguese Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Accessions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-5549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ac\u00e1cio","family":"Salamandane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias de Sa\u00fade, Universidade L\u00fario, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Marrere, Nampula 4250, Mozambique"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Candeias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0537-7355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Em\u00edlia Joana F.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Mecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBET\u2014Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol\u00f3gica, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7155-0059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBET\u2014Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol\u00f3gica, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Bronze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBET\u2014Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol\u00f3gica, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2458-1148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Estrat\u00e9gica de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Servi\u00e7os de Biotecnologia e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, Instituto P\u00fablico, Avenida da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8614-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.-K., Iwar, K., Ochar, K., Park, S.-Y., Go, E.-B., Lee, K.-D., and Kim, S.-H. 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