{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:43:28Z","timestamp":1778575408060,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, through \u201cConcurso Est\u00edmulo ao Emprego Cient\u00edfico na Modalidade de Apoio Institucional\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECINST\/00146\/2018\/CP1493\/CT0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00146\/2018\/CP1493\/CT0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, through \u201cConcurso Est\u00edmulo ao Emprego Cient\u00edfico na Modalidade de Apoio Institucional\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05183"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MED strategic project","award":["CEECINST\/00146\/2018\/CP1493\/CT0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00146\/2018\/CP1493\/CT0003"]}]},{"name":"MED strategic project","award":["UIDB\/05183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05183"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thymol, a monoterpenoid phenol present in the essential oils of several aromatic plants, has attracted considerable attention for its anti-inflammatory effects, often in combination with other bioactive compounds. This work explores the mechanisms behind the anti-inflammatory activity of thymol and thymol-rich essential oils, summarizing recent experimental findings. Inflammation, a key factor in numerous chronic diseases, can be modulated by targeting essential molecular pathways, such as MAPK, NF-\u03baB, JAK\/STAT, and arachidonic acid signaling. Thymol has been shown to influence these pathways, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Beyond its anti-inflammatory effects, thymol also exhibits a broad range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. The applications of thymol and thymol-containing essential oils in therapeutic formulations, food additives, and veterinary medicine are also reviewed. Despite promising preclinical results, challenges such as low bioavailability and toxicity at high doses limit their clinical use. Recent developments in drug delivery systems, such as encapsulation in micro- and nanoparticles, are suggested as strategies to enhance efficacy. Additionally, the synergistic effects of thymol with other natural products are examined, offering the potential for improved therapeutic outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30112450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T11:55:52Z","timestamp":1748951752000},"page":"2450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Thymol and Thymol-Rich Essential Oils: Mechanisms, Applications, and Recent Findings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Cust\u00f3dia","family":"Gago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Edf. 8, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Serralheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre for Marine Sciences, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Edf. 2, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2507-4228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria da Gra\u00e7a","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Edf. 8, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-018-9569-x","article-title":"Carvacrol and its derivatives as antibacterial agents","volume":"17","author":"Marinelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u0105czka, W., Twardawska, M., Grabarczyk, M., and Wi\u0144ska, K. (2023). Carvacrol\u2014A natural phenolic compound with antimicrobial properties. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050824"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Haynes, W.M., Lide, D.R., and Bruno, T.J. (2014). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Taylor and Francis Group. [95th ed.]. eBook-pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2020.11.009","article-title":"Thymol bioactivity: A review focusing on practical applications","volume":"13","author":"Escobar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.04.111","article-title":"Antibacterial and antifungal activities of thymol: A brief review of the literature","volume":"210","author":"Marchese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2015.09.001","article-title":"Chemical composition and antimicrobial, antioxidant activities and anti-inflammatory potential of Achillea millefolium L., Anethum graveolens L., and Carum copticum L. essential oils","volume":"5","author":"Kazemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.34172\/ipp.2020.28","article-title":"Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Ferulago angulata","volume":"6","author":"Hajhashemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunopathol. Persa"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourgou, S., Rebey, I.B., Kaab, S.B., Hammami, M., Dakhlaoui, S., Sawsen, S., Msaada, K., Isoda, H., Ksouri, R., and Fauconnier, M.-L. (2021). Green solvent to substitute hexane for bioactive lipids extraction from black cumin and basil seeds. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10071493"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117053","article-title":"Oliveria decumbens Vent. (Apiaceae): Biological screening and chemical compositions","volume":"318","author":"Mirahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2014.935065","article-title":"Biological activities of essential oils and ethanol extracts of Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum (L.) Briq. and Origanum floribundum Munby","volume":"18","author":"Kerbouche","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Potential health benefits of Origanum heracleoticum essential oil: Phytochemical and biological variability among different Calabrian populations","volume":"13","author":"Marrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinno, P., Guantario, B., Lombardi, G., Ranaldi, G., Finamore, A., Allegra, S., Mammano, M.M., Fascella, G., Raffo, A., and Roselli, M. (2023). Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils from Origanum vulgare genotypes belonging to the carvacrol and thymol chemotypes. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12061344"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.4274\/tjps.galenos.2021.98623","article-title":"Salacia pallescens Oliv. (Celastraceae) scavenges free radicals and inhibits pro-inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW cells 264.7 macrophages","volume":"18","author":"Abiodun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2022.10.028","article-title":"Chemical profile and biological properties of the essential oil of Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Roussine","volume":"151","author":"Elbouny","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycaemic activities of essential oils from Thymbra capitata, Thymus albicans, Thymus caespititius, Thymus carnosus, Thymus lotocephalus and Thymus mastichina from Portugal","volume":"11","author":"Aazza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2014.935070","article-title":"Essential oil composition, phenolic constituents, antioxidant and pharmacological activities of Thymus linearis Benth. Collected from Uttarakhand region of India","volume":"19","author":"Chandra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.06.025","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial evaluation of Thymus sipyleus Boiss. subsp. sipyleus var. sipyleus essential oil against rhinosinusitis pathogens","volume":"122","author":"Demirci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandur, E., Micalizzi, G., Mondello, L., Horv\u00e1th, A., Sipos, K., and Horv\u00e1th, G. (2022). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oils prepared at different plant phenophases on Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS-activated THP-1 macrophages. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071330"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warman, D.J., Jia, H., and Kato, H. (2023). Effects of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil on aging-induced brain inflammation and blood telomere attrition in chronologically aged C57BL\/6J mice. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061178"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spr\u00e9a, R.M., Caleja, C., Finimundy, T.C., Calhelha, R.C., Pires, T.C.S.P., Amaral, J.S., Prieto, M.A., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., Pereira, E., and Marros, L. (2024). Chemical and bioactive evaluation of essential oils from edible and aromatic Mediterranean Lamiaceae plants. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29122827"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, N., Bhattacharya, S., Dutta, A., Tauchen, J., Landa, P., Urbanov\u00e1, K., Houdkov\u00e1, M., Fern\u00e1ndez-Cusimamani, E., and Leuner, O. (2024). Synthetic polyploidization induces enhanced phytochemical profile and biological activities in Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56378-7"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"611","article-title":"Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of Algerian Thymus vulgaris essential oil","volume":"12","author":"Abdelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2017.05.004","article-title":"Thyme essential oils from Spain: Aromatic profile ascertained by GC-MS, and their antioxidant, anti-lipoxygenase and antimicrobial activities","volume":"26","author":"Cutillas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Drug. Anal."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2015.08.026","article-title":"Chemical composition, anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity of Thymus zygis L. subsp. sylvestris (Hoffmanns. & Link) Cout. Essential oil and its main compounds","volume":"12","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2014.908747","article-title":"Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Carum copticum L. essential oil","volume":"17","author":"Kazemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.5530\/ijper.20250286","article-title":"Enhancing therapeutic potential: Investigating traditional detoxification methods and assessing their influence on anti-microbial efficacy, phytochemical composition, heavy metal content and anti-inflammatory properties in Trachyspermum ammi","volume":"59","author":"Vanitha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. J. Pharm. Edu. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2022.2028681","article-title":"Pharmacological activity of Trachyspermum ammi L. seeds essential oil grown from Northeast India","volume":"24","author":"Dutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2020.06.006","article-title":"Molecular and in silico evidences explain the anti-inflammatory effect of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil in lipopolysaccharide induced macrophages","volume":"96","author":"Bahuguna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1934578X241271629","article-title":"Exploring the bioactivity of siddhalepa asamodagam spirit from seeds of Trachyspermum roxburghianum (DC.) H. Wolff","volume":"19","author":"Jayawantha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7541","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of thymol as an anti-inflammatory and wound healing agent","volume":"36","author":"Sales","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101904","article-title":"A mini-review of thymol incorporated materials: Applications in antibacterial wound dressing","volume":"60","author":"Najafloo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6109","article-title":"Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses","volume":"32","author":"Salehi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thymol\u2019s Innovative health and medicine applications: An overview based on patent analysis and patent review","volume":"11","author":"Fatimi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Trad. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peter, S., Sotondoshe, N., and Aderibigbe, B.A. (2024). Carvacrol and thymol hybrids: Potential anticancer and antibacterial therapeutics. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29102277"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favier, A., and Nikovics, K. (2023). Molecular and cellular mechanisms of inflammation and tissue regeneration. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051416"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-021-00977-8","article-title":"Inflammation-responsive delivery systems for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9966750","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9966750","article-title":"Flavonols and flavones as potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial compounds","volume":"2022","author":"Chagas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newton, K., and Dixit, V.M. (2012). Signaling in innate immunity and inflammation. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006049"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cote, B., Elbarbry, F., Bui, F., Su, J.W., Seo, K., Nguyen, A., Lee, M., and Rao, D.A. (2022). Mechanistic basis for the role of phytochemicals in inflammation-associated chronic diseases. Molecules., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030781"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2174\/138955711793564079","article-title":"Small molecule inhibitors of NF-kB and JAK\/STAT signal transduction pathways as promising anti-inflammatory therapeutics","volume":"11","author":"Ivanenkov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2020.23.009","article-title":"Current and future molecular mechanism in inflammation and arthritis","volume":"23","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharmacopunct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S140","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2007.dec.S140-S146","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms: The molecular basis of inflammation and disease","volume":"65","author":"Libby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1230720","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory therapy in chronic disease: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"339","author":"Tabbas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soares, C.L.R., Wilairatana, P., Silva, L.R., Moreira, P.S., Barbosa, N.M.M.V., da Silva, P.R., Coutinho, H.D.M., de Menezes, I.R.A., and Felipe, C.F.B. (2023). Biochemical aspects of the inflammatory process: A narrative review. Biomed. Pharmacother., 168.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115764"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jantan, I., Haque, M.A., Arshad, L., Harikrishnan, H., Septama, A.W., and Mohamed-Hussein, Z. (2021). Dietary polyphenols suppress chronic inflammation by modulation of multiple inflammation-associated cell signaling pathways. J. Nutr. Biochem., 93.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2021.108634"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jubaidi, F.F., Zainalabidin, S., Taib, I.S., Hamid, Z.A., Anuar, N.N.M., Jalil, J., Nor, N.A.M., and Budin, S.B. (2022). The role of PKC-MAPK signalling pathways in the development of hyperglycemia-induced cardiovascular complications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158582"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9409","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.013590","article-title":"The bacterial metalloprotease NleD selectively cleaves mitogen-activated protein kinases that have high flexibility in their activation loop","volume":"295","author":"Weinberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106210","article-title":"The role of JAK\/STAT signaling pathway and its inhibitors in diseases","volume":"80","author":"Xin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00791-1","article-title":"The JAK\/STAT signaling pathway: From bench to clinic","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21522\/TIJBMS.2016.02.01.Art001","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms involved in inflammatory cascade: A review","volume":"2","author":"Nadipelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Texila Int. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y.-X., Lu, W.-W., Geng, Y.-C., Yu, C.-H., Sun, H.-J., Kim, Y.-J., Zhang, G., and Kim, T. (2020). Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oil derived from the wild rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala. Chem. Biodivers., 17.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202000268"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.03.011","article-title":"Evaluation of the composition and in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L. leaves) cultivated in Saudi Arabia (Al-Kharj)","volume":"28","author":"Foudah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2019.1591399","article-title":"Chemical composition, bactericidal kinetics, mechanism of action, and anti-inflammatory activity of Isodon melissoides (Benth.) H. Hara essential oil","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nea, F., Kambir\u00e9, D.A., Genva, M., Tanoh, E.A., Wognin, E.L., Martin, H., Brostaux, Y., Tomi, F., Lognay, G.C., and Tonzibo, Z.F. (2020). Composition, seasonal variation, and biological activities of Lantana camara essential oils from C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25102400"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.111766","article-title":"A new chemotype of Lantana rhodesiensis Moldenke essential oil from C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: Chemical composition and biological activities","volume":"141","author":"Nea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayala, B., Bassole, I.H.N., Gnoula, C., Nebie, R., Yonli, A., Morel, L., Figueredo, G., Nikiema, J.-B., Lobaccaro, J.-M.A., and Simpore, J. (2014). Chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities of essential oils of plants from Burkina Faso. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092122"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1363","article-title":"Composition, in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of rhe leaf essential oil of Machilus konishii from Taiwan","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14433","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14433","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Monarda didyma L. essential oil","volume":"10","author":"Fraternale","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201031","DOI":"10.1590\/s2175-97902022e201031","article-title":"Essential oil composition and biological activities determination of Mosla dianthera (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Maxim. and its major isolated component, carvone","volume":"58","author":"Kanyal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2014.914857","article-title":"Phytochemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of Nigella sativa L. essential oil","volume":"17","author":"Kazemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2023.112459","article-title":"Multi-functional fibrous dressings for infectious injury treatment with anti-adhesion wound healing","volume":"235","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mijalli, S.H., Mrabti, N.N., Ouassou, H., Sheikh, R.A., Assaggaf, H., Bakrim, S., Abdallah, E.M., Alshahrani, M.M., Al Awadh, A.A., and Lee, L.-H. (2022). Chemical composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties of Origanum compactum Benth essential oils from two regions: In vitro and in vivo evidence and in silico molecular investigations. Molecules., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217329"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stojanovi\u0107, N.M., Miti\u0107, K.V., Ne\u0161i\u0107, M., Stankovi\u0107, M., Petrovi\u0107, V., Barali\u0107, M., Randjelovi\u0107, P.J., Sokolovi\u0107, D., and Radulovi\u0107, N. (2024). Oregano (Origanum vulgare) essential oil and its constituents prevent rat kidney tissue injury and inflammation induced by a high dose of L-arginine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020941"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naccari, C., Ginestra, G., Micale, N., Palma, E., Galletta, B., Costa, R., Vadal\u00e0, R., Nostro, A., and Cristani, M. (2025). Binary combinations of essential oils: Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030438"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"113","article-title":"Origanum vulgare and Thymbra capitata essential oils from Spain: Determination of aromatic profile and bioactivities","volume":"11","author":"Carrasco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(78)90039-5","article-title":"Biosynthesis of aromatic monoterpenes: Conversion of \u03b3-terpinene to p-cymene and thymol in Thymus vulgaris L","volume":"187","author":"Poulouse","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"16","article-title":"Expression, crystallization and structure elucidation of \u03b3-terpinene synthase from Thymus vulgaris","volume":"F72","author":"Rudolph","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Cryst."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.111849","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of the leaves of Wendlandia heynei (Schult.) Santapau & Merchant in Sprague Dawley rat","volume":"238","author":"Maryam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.5530\/jyp.2018.10.104","article-title":"Inhibition of nitric oxide production and nitric oxide gene expression in LPS activated RAW264.7 macrophages thyme oleoresin from Thymus vulgaris","volume":"10","author":"Mangal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Young Pharm."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"375","article-title":"Thymol reduces the lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney inflammation by modulating lysosomal stress","volume":"27","author":"Erzurumlu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Res. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-017-0676-4","article-title":"Preventive and therapeutic effects of thymol in a lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury mice model","volume":"41","author":"Wan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.12.065","article-title":"Protective effects of thymol on LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice","volume":"116","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.06.024","article-title":"Evaluations of thyme extract effects in human normal bronchial and tracheal epithelial cell lines and in human lung cancer cell line","volume":"256","author":"Oliviero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2014.04.016","article-title":"Thymol attenuates allergic airway inflammation in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse asthma","volume":"96","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20042","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15373","article-title":"Thymol mitigates lipopolysaccharide-induced endometritis by regulating the TLR4- and ROS-mediated NF-\u03baB signaling pathways","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12199","article-title":"Origanum vulgare L. extracts versus thymol: An anti-inflammatory study on activated microglial and mixed glial cells","volume":"40","author":"Javadian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2024.111029","article-title":"Thymol improves ischemic brain injury by inhibiting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation","volume":"215","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanzarin, G.A.B., F\u00e9lix, L.M., Monteiro, S.M., Ferreira, J.M., Oliveira, P.A., and Ven\u00e2ncio, C. (2023). Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects of thymol and 24-epibrassinolide in zebrafish larvae. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061297"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12227728","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2023.2227728","article-title":"Protective effect of thymol on glycerol-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Games, E., Guerreiro, M., Santana, F.R., Pinheiro, N.M., de Oliveira, E.A., Lopes, F.D.Q.S., Olivo, C.R., Tib\u00e9rio, I.F.L.C., Martins, M.A., and Lago, J.H.G. (2016). Structurally related monoterpenes p-cymene, carvacrol and thymol isolated from essential oil from leaves of Lippia sidoides Cham. (Verbenaceae) protect mice against elastase-induced emphysema. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21101390"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-018-5222-y","article-title":"The amendatory effect of hesperidin and thymol in allergic rhinitis: An ovalbumin-induced rat mode","volume":"276","author":"Kilic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v17i9.18","article-title":"Thymol exerts anti-inflammatory effect in dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental murine colitis","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-019-00583-8","article-title":"Thymol reduces acetic acid-induced inflammatory response through inhibition of NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in rat colon tissue","volume":"27","author":"Chamanara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laurindo, L.F., dos Santos, A.R.O., de Carvalho, A.C.A., Bechara, M.D., Guiguer, E.L., Goulart, R.A., Sinatora, R.V., Ara\u00fajo, A.C., and Barbalho, S.M. (2023). Phytochemicals and regulation of NF-\u03baB in inflammatory bowel diseases: An overview of in vitro and in vivo effects. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13010096"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406917","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202406917","article-title":"Bifidobacterium pseudolongum-derived bile acid from dietary carvacrol and thymol supplementation attenuates colitis via cGMP-PKG-mTORC1 pathway","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.02.028","article-title":"Thymol attenuates inflammation is isoproterenol induced myocardial infacted rats by inhibiting the release of lysosomal enzymes and downregulating the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"754","author":"Meeran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2016.02.004","article-title":"Thymol reduces oxidative stress, aortic intimal thickening, and inflammation-related gene expression in hyperlipidemic rabbits","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-12-115","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effect of kaempferol on early atherosclerosis in high cholesterol fed rabbits","volume":"12","author":"Kong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Shaukat, A., Zhang, H., Yang, Y.-F., Li, H.-X., Li, G.-Y., Liu, Y.-N., Liang, C., Kang, J.-W., and Li, S.-C. (2024). Thymol impacts the progression of endometriosis by disrupting estrogen signaling pathways and inflammatory responses. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313150"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6180","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO04292K","article-title":"Thymol ameliorated neurotoxicity and cognitive deterioration in a thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy rat model; involvement of the BDNF\/CREB signaling pathway","volume":"13","author":"Ogaly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu-Elfotuh, K., Hamdan, A.M.E., Mohammed, A.A., Atwa, A.M., Kozman, M.R., Ibrahim, A.M., Motawea, S.M., Selim, H.M.R.M., Tohamy, S.T.K., and El-Din, M.N. (2022). Neuroprotective effects of some nutraceutical against manganese-induced Parlinson\u2019s disease in rats: Possible modulatory effects on TLR4\/NLRP3\/NF-\u03baB, GSK-3\u03b2, Nrf2\/HO-1, and apoptotic pathways. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15121554"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2024.156846","article-title":"Kaempferol: Unveiling its anti-inflammatory properties for therapeutic innovation","volume":"186","author":"Herrera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109885","article-title":"Thymol improves autism-like behavior in VPA-induced ASD rats through the Pin1\/p38 MAPK pathway","volume":"117","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2207.07017","article-title":"Thymol ameliorates Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis by downregulating the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF\/IL-1\u03b2 signal expression and reducing necroptosis and pyroptosis","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, G., Liu, J., Liu, H., Chen, X., Yu, N., Li, X., and Xu, F. (2023). Integration of network pharmacology and molecular docking to analyse the mechanism of action of oregano essential oil in the treatment of bovine mastitis. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10050350"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chavda, V.P., Feehan, J., and Apostolopoulos, V. (2024). Inflammation: The cause of all diseases. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13221906"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orlando, F.A., and Mainous III, A.G. (2024). Editorial: Inflammation and chronic disease. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1434533"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7204","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23208","article-title":"Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21681","article-title":"Thymol and carvacrol prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by abrogation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rats","volume":"29","author":"Mansour","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21740","article-title":"Thymol and carvacrol prevent doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by abrogation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis rats","volume":"30","author":"Mansour","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3897\/pharmacia.69.e77338","article-title":"Thymol exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic protective effects against gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats","volume":"69","author":"Fouad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacia"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121256","article-title":"Thymol protects against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via abrogation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and modulation of miR-29a\/TGF-\u03b2 and PI3K\/Akt signaling in mice","volume":"314","author":"Hussein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.7b00384","article-title":"Natural stilbenoids have anti-inflammatory properties in vivo and down-regulate the production of inflammatory mediators NO, IL6, and MCP1 possibly in a PI3K\/Akt-dependent manner","volume":"81","author":"Laavola","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Khrashi, L.A., Badr, A.M., Al-Amin, M.A., and Mahran, Y.F. (2022). Thymol ameliorates 5-fluouracil-induced intestinal mucositis: Evidence of down-regulatory effect on TGF-\u03b2\/MAPK pathways through NF-\u03baB. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 36.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22932"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badr, A.M., Alkharashi, L.A., Sherif, I.O., Alanteet, A.A., Alotaibi, H.N., and Mahran, Y.F. (2022). IL-17\/Notch1\/STAT3 pathway contributes to 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis in rats: Amelioration by thymol treatment. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4137028"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3109\/1547691X.2015.1029145","article-title":"Modulatory effects of thymol and carvacrol on inflammatory transcription factors in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Gholijani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2015.12.004","article-title":"Gastroprotective effects of thymol on acute and chronic ulcers in rats. The role of prostaglandins, ATP-sensitive K+ channels, and gastric mucus secretion","volume":"244","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0012.7198","article-title":"Hepatoprotective role of thymol in drug-induced gastric ulcer model","volume":"17","author":"Geyikoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S109318","article-title":"Flurbiprofen-antioxidant mutual prodrugs as safer nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Synthesis, pharmacological investigation, and computational molecular modeling","volume":"10","author":"Ashraf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2024.104492","article-title":"Thymol\u2019s modulation of cellular macromolecules, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and NF-\u03baB\/caspase-3 signaling in the liver of imidacloprid-exposed rats","volume":"109","author":"Abdelgawad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd-Elhakim, Y.M., Saber, T.M., Metwally, M.M.M., Abd-Allah, N.A., Mohamed, R.M.S.M., and Ahmed, G.A. (2023). Thymol abates the detrimental impacts of imidacloprid on rat brains by lessening oxidative damage and apoptotic and inflammatory reactions. Chem. Biol. Interact., 383.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110690"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Yang, M., Ma, Z., Che, L., Feng, B., Xu, S., Zhuo, Y., Li, J., Wang, J., and Zhang, Z. (2025). Glycerol monolaurate complex improved antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and gut microbiota composition of offspring in a sow-piglet model. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12010024"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Chen, X., Zhang, K., Tian, G., Ding, X., Bai, S., and Zeng, Q. (2023). Effects of thymol and carvacrol eutectic on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, and intestinal health in broiler chickens. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132242"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102821","article-title":"Evaluating protective effects of botanicals under inflammation and oxidative stress in chicken apical-out enteroids","volume":"102","author":"Ghiselli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poultry Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, D., Shahin, S.E., Alqahtani, L.S., Hassan, Z., Althobaiti, F., Albogami, S., Soliman, M.M., El-Malt, R.M.S., Al-Harthi, H.F., and Alqadri, N. (2022). Exploring the interactive effects of thymol and thymoquinone: Moving towards an enhanced performance, gross margin, immunity and Aeromonas sobria resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12213034"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.01.053","article-title":"Development of nanoparticles from natural lipids for topical delivery of thymol: Investigation of its anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"164","author":"Pivetta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119067","article-title":"Electrospun anti-inflammatory patch loaded with essential oils for wound healing","volume":"577","author":"Evangelopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folle, C., D\u00edaz-Garrido, N., S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez, E., Marqu\u00e9s, A.M., Badia, J., Baldom\u00e0, L., Espina, M., Calpena, A.C., and Garc\u00eda, M.L. (2021). Surface-modified multifunctional thymol-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles for topical acne treatment. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091501"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.249","article-title":"fabrication of chitosan-gelatin films incorporated with thymol-loaded alginate microparticles for controlled drug delivery, antibacterial activity and wound healing: In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"223","author":"Ahmady","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.095","article-title":"In vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of thymol loaded bipolymeric (tragacanth gum\/chitosan) nanocarrier","volume":"125","author":"Sheorain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112473","article-title":"Oral administration of liposome-encapsulated thymol could alleviate the inflammatory parameters in serum and hippocampus in a rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"193","author":"Safarbalou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exper. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36017","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c04139","article-title":"Evaluation of the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and bone-promoting capacity of UiO-66 loaded with thymol or carvacrol","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, C.N., Arsenault, R.J., Piva, A., Grilli, E., and Swaggerty, C.L. (2023). A microencapsulated feed additive containing organic acids and botanicals has a distinct effect on proliferative and metabolic related signaling in the jejunum and ileum of broiler chickens. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1147483"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153309","article-title":"Synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of silibinin and thymol combination on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by inhibition of NF-\u03baB and MAPK activation","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.117037","article-title":"Synergistic benefits of nicotine and thymol in alleviating experimental rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"239","author":"Golbahari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e725","DOI":"10.20950\/1678-2305\/bip.2022.48.e725","article-title":"Effects of thymol:carvacrol association on health and zootechnical performance of tambaqi (Colossoma macropomum)","volume":"48","author":"Frota","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bol. Inst. Pesca"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M.T., Bappi, M.H., Bhuia, M.S., Ansari, S.A., Ansari, I.A., Shill, M.C., Albayouk, T., Saleh, N., El-Shazly, M., and El-Nashar, H.A.S. (2024). Anti-inflammatory effects of thymol: An emphasis on the molecular interactions through in vivo approach and molecular dynamic simulations. Front. Chem., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2024.1376783"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1935","article-title":"Anticancer activity of thymol: A literature-based review and docking study with emphasis on its anticancer mechanisms","volume":"71","author":"Islam","year":"2019","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"del Prado-Audelo, M.L., Cort\u00e9s, H., Caballero-Flor\u00e1n, I.H., Gonz\u00e1lez-Torres, M., Escutia-Guadarrama, L., Bernal-Ch\u00e1vez, S.A., Giraldo-Gomez, D.M., Maga\u00f1a, J.J., and Leyva-G\u00f3mez, G. (2021). Therapeutic applications of terpenes on inflammatory diseases. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.704197"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araruna, M.E., Serafim, C., J\u00fanior, E.A., Hiruma-Lima, C., Diniz, M., and Batista, L. (2020). Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of terpenes in experimental models (2010\u20132020): A review. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225430"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahoo, D.K., Heilmann, R.M., Paital, B., Patel, A., Yadav, V.K., Wong, D., and Jergens, A.E. (2023). Oxidative stress, hormones, and effects of natural antioxidants on intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1217165"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6803","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c06461","article-title":"Thymol as a potential neuroprotective agent: Mechanisms, efficacy, and future prospects","volume":"72","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03342-x","article-title":"Monoterpenoid synergy: A new frontier in biological applications","volume":"398","author":"Begh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2024.09.002","article-title":"Dietary monoterpenoids and human health: Unlocking the potential for therapeutic use","volume":"228","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-02255-y","article-title":"Natural Products in the treatment of diabetic foot infection","volume":"30","author":"Nazari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2016.1153002","article-title":"Beneficial impacts of thymol essential oil on health and production of animals, fish and poultry: A review","volume":"28","author":"Alagawany","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.17.0657","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of phytogenics in chickens and pigs\u2014A review","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.663","article-title":"Thymol and carvacrol supplementation in poultry health and performance","volume":"8","author":"Azizi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422420000013","article-title":"Single components of botanicals and nature-identical compounds as a non-antibiotic strategy to ameliorate health status and improve performance in poultry and pigs","volume":"33","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meeran, M.F.N., Javed, H., Taee, H.A., Azimullah, S., and Ojha, S.K. (2017). Pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms of thymol: Prospects for its therapeutic potential and pharmaceutical development. Front. Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00380"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2017.09.024","article-title":"Could essential oil enhance biopolymers performance for wound healing? A systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Arias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.05.043","article-title":"Potential of plant secondary metabolite-based polymers to enhance wound healing","volume":"147","author":"Krishna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"182","article-title":"Multifaceted applications of thymol\/carvacrol-containing polymeric fibrous structures","volume":"7","author":"Demir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Ind. Eng. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.12.018","article-title":"Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Shirazi thyme)\u2014An ancient condiment with modern pharmaceutical uses","volume":"145","author":"Sajed","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12331","article-title":"Pharmacological effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss L. and its constituents focus on their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects","volume":"32","author":"Khazdair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fund. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gou, Y., Fan, R., Pei, S., and Wang, Y. (2018). Before it disappeared: Ethnobotanical study of fleagrass (Adenosma buchneroides), a traditional aromatic plant used by the Akha people. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-018-0277-9"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1477730","article-title":"Understanding the potential benefits of thyme and its derived products for food industry and consumer health: From extraction of value-added compounds to the evaluation of bioaccessibility, bioavailability, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities","volume":"59","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vassiliou, E., Awoleye, O., Davis, A., and Mishra, S. (2023). Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of thyme oil and its main constituents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24086936"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3903","article-title":"Effects of Lamiaceae family plants and their bioactive ingredients on coronavirus-induced lung inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Kianmehr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anwar, F., Khan, R., Qadir, R., Saadi, S., Gruczynska-Sekowska, E., Saari, N., and Brishti, F.H. (2024). Exploring the biochemical and nutra-pharmaceutical prospects of some Thymus species\u2014A review. Chem. Biodiver., 21.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202400500"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9893","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4563","article-title":"Phytochemical profiling and therapeutic potential of thyme (Thymus spp.): A medicinal herb","volume":"12","author":"Waheed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.11.010","article-title":"The evidence of health benefits and food applications of Thymus vulgaris L","volume":"117","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halat, D.H., Krayem, M., Khaled, S., and Younes, S. (2022). A focused insight into thyme: Biological, chemical, and therapeutic properties of an indigenous Mediterranean herb. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14102104"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2023.100635","article-title":"Thymus vulgaris, a natural pharmacy against COVID-19: A molecular review","volume":"38","author":"Nadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stojanovi\u0107, N.M., Randelovi\u0107, P.J., Simonovi\u0107, M., Radi\u0107, M., Todorovi\u0107, S., Corrigan, M., Harkin, A., and Boylan, F. (2024). Essential oil constituents as anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agents: An insight through microglia modulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105168"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Sowndhararajan, K., and Kim, S. (2022). The chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil from Korean native thyme Bak-Ri-Hyang (Thymus quinquecostatus Celak.). Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27134251"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2022.10.014","article-title":"Phytochemistry, pharmacological investigations, industrial applications, and encapsulation of Thymbra capitata L. A review","volume":"129","author":"Saoulajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bautista, I.-B., Aguilar, C.N., Mart\u00ednez-\u00c1vida, G.C.G., Torres-Le\u00f3n, C., Ilina, A., Flores-Gallegos, A.C., Verma, D.K., and Ch\u00e1vez-Gonz\u00e1lez, L.L. (2021). Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth) as source of bioactive compounds: A review. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175156"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombrea, A., Antal, D., Ardelean, F., Avram, S., Pavel, I.Z., Vlaia, L., Mut, A.-M., Diaconeasa, Z., Dehelean, C.A., and Soica, C. (2020). A recent insight regarding the phytochemistry and bioactivity of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249653"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aziz, A.A.E., Elfadadny, A., Ghanima, M.A., Cavallini, D., Fusaro, I., Giammarco, M., Buonaiuto, G., and El-Sabrout, K. (2024). Nutritional value of oregano-based products and its effect on rabbit performance and health. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14203021"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, H., Zhang, C., Su, K., Fan, T., Chen, L., Yang, Z., Zhang, M., Li, J., Zhang, Y., and Liu, J. (2024). Oregano essential oil in livestock and veterinary medicine. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14111532"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u0142ab\u0119ska, N., Czajkowska, K., \u0141sta\u015b, P., \u015aniarowki, P., Ciosek, L., Jastrz\u0119bski, K., and Pietrzyk, B. (2024). Sol-gel SiO2 coatings with curcumin and thymol on 3D printouts manufactured from Ti6Al4V ELI. Coatings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings14091149"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.10.035","article-title":"Impacto f 3-D printed PLA- and chitosan-based scaffolds on human monocyte\/macrophage responses: Unraveling the effect of 3-D structures on inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Almeida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Periferakis, A., Periferakis, A.-T., Troumpata, L., Dragosloveanu, S., Timofticiuc, I.-A., Georgatos-Garcia, S., Scheau, A.-E., Periferakis, K., Caruntu, A., and Badarau, I.A. (2024). Use of biomaterials in 3D printing as a solution to microbial infections in arthroplasty and osseous reconstruction. Biomimetics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9030154"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stlm.2021.100011","article-title":"Polymeric biomaterials for 3D printing in medicine: An overview","volume":"2","author":"Pugliese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. 3D Print. Med."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tappa, K., and Jammalamadaka, U. (2018). Novel biomaterials used in medical 3D printing techniques. J. Funct. Biomat., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb9010017"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/11\/2450\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:46:40Z","timestamp":1760032000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/11\/2450"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"references-count":166,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30112450"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30112450","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]}}}