{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T18:59:36Z","timestamp":1774292376598,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NGS\u2014New Generation Storage","award":["C644936001-00000045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644936001-00000045"]}]},{"name":"NGS\u2014New Generation Storage","award":["FCT UIDP\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT UIDP\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan and the European Union\u2019s NextGenerationEU funds","award":["C644936001-00000045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644936001-00000045"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan and the European Union\u2019s NextGenerationEU funds","award":["FCT UIDP\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT UIDP\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Emerging Technologies\u2013LAETA","award":["C644936001-00000045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644936001-00000045"]}]},{"name":"Emerging Technologies\u2013LAETA","award":["FCT UIDP\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT UIDP\/50022\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of microstructured current collectors offers a potential pathway to enhance interface properties in solid-state battery architectures. In this work, we investigate the influence of surface morphology on the electrochemical performance of Zn\/Na2.99Ba0.005OCl\/Cu electrodeless pouch cells by fabricating copper thin films on microstructured parylene-C substrates using a combination of colloidal lithography and reactive ion etching. O2 plasma etching times ranging from 0 to 15 min were used to tune the surface topography, resulting in a systematic increase in root-mean-square roughness and a surface area enhancement of up to ~30% for the longest etching duration, measured via AFM. Kelvin probe force microscopy-analyzed surface potential showed maximum differences of 270 mV between non-etched and 12-minute-etched Cu collectors. The results revealed that the chemical potential is the property that relates the surface of the Cu current collector\/electrode with the cell\u2019s ionic transport performance, including the bulk ionic conductivity, while four-point sheet resistance measurements confirmed that the copper layers\u2019 resistivity maintained values close to those of bulk copper (1.96\u20134.5 \u00b5\u03a9.cm), which are in agreement with electronic mobilities (\u22126 and \u221218 cm2V\u22121s\u22121). Conversely, the charge carrier concentrations (\u22121.6 to \u22122.6 \u00d7 1023 cm\u22123) are indirectly correlated with the performance of the cell, with the samples with lower CCCbulk (fewer free electrons) performing better and showing higher maximum discharge currents, interfacial capacitance, and first-cycle discharge plateau voltage and capacity. The data were further consolidated with Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy analyses. These results highlight that the correlation between the surface morphology and the cell is not straightforward, with the microstructured current collectors\u2019 surface chemical potential and the charge carriers\u2019 concentration being determinant in the performance of all-solid-state electrodeless sodium battery systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30173493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T06:26:14Z","timestamp":1756189574000},"page":"3493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Surface Morphology and Electrochemical Behavior of Microstructured Cu Electrodes in All-Solid-State Sodium Batteries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Prior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MatER\u2014Materials for Energy Research Laboratory, Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5996-9831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Materiais\u2014CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and Centro de Excel\u00eancia de Microelectr\u00f3nica e Optoelectr\u00f3nica de Processos\u2014CEMOP\/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MatER\u2014Materials for Energy Research Laboratory, Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\u2014Associated Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aeronautics, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Materiais\u2014CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and Centro de Excel\u00eancia de Microelectr\u00f3nica e Optoelectr\u00f3nica de Processos\u2014CEMOP\/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6701-6352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz Moura","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MatER\u2014Materials for Energy Research Laboratory, Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\u2014Associated Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aeronautics, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuela C.","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MatER\u2014Materials for Energy Research Laboratory, Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\u2014Associated Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aeronautics, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Lebre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MatER\u2014Materials for Energy Research Laboratory, Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1997-7669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Materiais\u2014CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and Centro de Excel\u00eancia de Microelectr\u00f3nica e Optoelectr\u00f3nica de Processos\u2014CEMOP\/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8281-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Materiais\u2014CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and Centro de Excel\u00eancia de Microelectr\u00f3nica e Optoelectr\u00f3nica de Processos\u2014CEMOP\/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0847-7711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana Vaz","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Materiais\u2014CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and Centro de Excel\u00eancia de Microelectr\u00f3nica e Optoelectr\u00f3nica de Processos\u2014CEMOP\/UNINOVA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4577-2154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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