{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:44:30Z","timestamp":1760060670995,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024.00478.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.00478.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dried matrix spot (DMS) techniques have gained increasing attention in bioanalytical and forensic toxicology for the detection of opiates and opioids, offering minimally invasive sampling, enhanced sample stability, and simplified storage and transport. This review provides a critical overview of recent methodological advances and applications of DMS across multiple biological matrices, including blood, plasma, urine, and oral fluid. Particular focus is given to sample preparation protocols, extraction strategies, analytical instrumentation, and method performance. Dried blood spots (DBS) remain the most established format; however, alternative matrices such as dried plasma, urine, and saliva spots (DPS, DUS, DSS) are expanding the scope of DMS, particularly in decentralised and point-of-care contexts. Despite clear advantages, such as reduced biohazard risk and compatibility with high-throughput workflows, several limitations persist, including low sample volumes, matrix-specific recovery issues, and lack of standardised procedures. Future efforts should aim to optimise paper substrates, improve solvent\u2013matrix compatibility, and integrate DMS workflows with automated or miniaturised mass spectrometry platforms. Overall, DMS techniques represent a versatile and evolving analytical platform with strong potential for reliable opioid monitoring in both clinical and forensic settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30183695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T07:51:46Z","timestamp":1757577106000},"page":"3695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dried Matrix Spots for the Determination of Opiates and Opioids: Methodological Advances and Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0461-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana M.","family":"Rosendo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3583-0977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vit\u00f3ria","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0469-2895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Acad\u00e9mico Cl\u00ednico das Beiras (CACB)-Grupo de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Qu\u00edmica e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ci\u00eancias Forenses-Delega\u00e7\u00e3o do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"AlphaBiolabs, 14 Webster Court, Carina Park, Warrington WA5 8WD, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Acad\u00e9mico Cl\u00ednico das Beiras (CACB)-Grupo de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, 6200-000 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-025-00649-4","article-title":"Epidemiology of Opioid Use, Misuse, and Overdoses","volume":"12","author":"Draghmeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. 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