{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T20:01:40Z","timestamp":1775937700765,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds (OE) from FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology I.P","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.02028.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.02028.PTDC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"National Funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/50017\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50017\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"National Funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enzyme immobilization onto solid supports enhances their stability, reusability, and efficiency. This work investigates the physical immobilization of laccase (Lac) from Trametes versicolor (purchased, EC 1.10.3.2, \u22650.5 U\/mg) onto two carbon-based materials: activated carbon (AC) and biochar (BC), obtained from spent brewery grains (SBGs) through microwave pyrolysis (with and without chemical activation, respectively), generating SBG-AC\/Lac and SBG-BC\/Lac. Various immobilization conditions (pH 3.5\u20136.5, Lac concentration 1\u201310 mg\/mL) were tested, with immobilization up to 80 \u00b1 6% (for Lac 1 mg\/mL, pH 5.0 in SBG-AC\/Lac) and maximum activities of 5.5 \u00b1 0.2 U\/g (SBG-AC\/Lac) and 4.6 \u00b1 0.5 U\/g (SBG-BC\/Lac) at pH 3.5 and 40 \u00b0C. Although SBG-AC led to a higher immobilization %, SBG-BC was a greener alternative, requiring no chemical activation during production. Kinetics analysis with a typical Lac chromogenic substrate revealed higher values of KM (Michaelis constant) for SBG-BC\/Lac compared with free Lac (Lacf) (indicating lower substrate affinity), but higher stability, retaining ~60% activity after 24 h, while Lacf was nearly inactive. These results demonstrate the potential of SBG-BC as a sustainable support for Lac immobilization in applications such as wastewater treatment and environmental monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31040738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T14:05:11Z","timestamp":1771855511000},"page":"738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Laccase Immobilization on Carbon-Based Materials Derived from Spent Brewery Grains: Optimization and Stability Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Peleja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hugo F.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5218-0726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica y F\u00edsica Aplicadas, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2604-6704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Goreti","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9872-6381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Calisto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bse0590001","article-title":"Enzymes: Principles and biotechnological applications","volume":"59","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.01.011","article-title":"Emerging contaminants of high concern and their enzyme-assisted biodegradation\u2014A review","volume":"124","author":"Bilal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. 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