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The structural and textural characterization by powder X-ray diffraction and N2 adsorption isotherms showed that a pure ZSM-5 phase was synthesized, but lower crystallinity and textural parameters were obtained when compared with commercial ZSM-5. The XPS analysis revealed significant amounts of iron and yttrium, which enhanced the electronic properties of the samples\u2019 surface when compared with iron-impregnated commercial ZSM-5. The catalytic reaction was followed through UV-spectroscopy and kinetic models were applied to the data; the best fit was obtained for a pseudo-first-order model. All fly ash-based zeolites showed increased paracetamol removal when compared with commercial iron-loaded ZSM-5, which may be attributed to the more disordered structure, able to accommodate large paracetamol species (dimers). On the other hand, the effect of yttrium on the electronic properties of iron sites may increase the \u25cfOH radical formation, thus increasing the paracetamol removal rate, despite the progressive drop on paracetamol removal upon regeneration\u2013reuse cycles due to Fe leaching.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31071104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:45:53Z","timestamp":1774615553000},"page":"1104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Paracetamol Removal from Aqueous Media Through Fenton Reaction Using ZSM-5 Zeolite Produced from Fly Ash"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Nuno","family":"Horta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1585-9099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo F.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4499-0379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5251-4773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana S.","family":"Mestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed.C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana P.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed.C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1637-478X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2023.29762","article-title":"Occurrence and Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Water Using Modified Zeolites: A Review","volume":"302","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100949","article-title":"Application of the Fenton and Photo-Fenton Processes in Pharmaceutical Removal: New Perspectives in Environmental Protection","volume":"321","author":"Grosser","year":"2025","journal-title":"Desalin. 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