{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T19:18:46Z","timestamp":1774552726029,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CTM-BIO\/4033\/2014; UID\/EQU\/00511\/2019; UID\/BIM\/04293\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTM-BIO\/4033\/2014; UID\/EQU\/00511\/2019; UID\/BIM\/04293\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006939; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016638; NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006939; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016638; NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Catheter-related infections are a common worldwide health problem, highlighting the need for antimicrobial catheters. Here, antibacterial potential of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) incorporated in the commonly used polymer for catheter manufacture\u2014polyurethane (PU)\u2014is investigated. Two strategies are explored: melt-blending, producing a composite, and dip coating, where a composite layer is deposited on top of PU. GNP with different lateral sizes and oxidation degrees\u2014GNP-M5, GNP-M15, GNP-M5ox, GNP-M15ox\u2014are applied in both strategies, and the antimicrobial potential towards Staphylococcus epidermidis of GNP dispersions and GNP-containing PU evaluated. As dispersions, oxidized and smaller GNP powders (GNP-M5ox) inhibit 74% bacteria growth at 128 \u00b5g\/mL. As surfaces, GNP exposure strongly impacts their antimicrobial profile: GNP absence at the surface of composites yields no significant effects on bacteria, while by varying GNP: PU ratio and GNP concentration, coatings enhance GNP exposure, depicting an antimicrobial profile. Oxidized GNP-containing coatings induce higher antibacterial effect than non-oxidized forms, particularly with smaller GNPox, where a homogeneous layer of fused platelets is formed on PU, leading to 70% reduction in bacterial adhesion and 70% bacterial death. This pioneering work unravels how to turn a polymer clinically used to produce catheters into an antimicrobial surface, crucial to reducing risk of infection associated with catheterization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10020349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T04:06:01Z","timestamp":1582085161000},"page":"349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Exposure of Smaller and Oxidized Graphene on Polyurethane Surface Improves its Antimicrobial Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Borges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia C.","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FEUP\u2014Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Metal\u00fargica e de Materiais, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4237-2024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita N.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8184-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur M.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Pestana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Sa\u0303o Joa\u0303o Hospital Center, EPE, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4447-4473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fern\u00e3o D.","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9759-4965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas C.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FEUP\u2014Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Metal\u00fargica e de Materiais, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-132-5-200003070-00009","article-title":"Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections","volume":"132","author":"Mermel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. 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