{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T21:10:41Z","timestamp":1772572241180,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED431B 2019\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431B 2019\/02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED481B 2016\/190-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED481B 2016\/190-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/101060\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/101060\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/12046\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/12046\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beatriz Galindo Research Fellowship","award":["BEAGAL18\/00142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BEAGAL18\/00142"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRX19\/00353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRX19\/00353"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Deputaci\u00f3n Provincial da Coru\u00f1a","award":["2019000011550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019000011550"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have a wide variety of applications in many consumer products, including as food additives, increasing the concern about the possible hazards that TiO2 NPs may pose to human health. Although most previous studies have focused on the respiratory system, ingestion must also be considered as an important exposure route. Furthermore, after inhalation or ingestion, TiO2 NPs can reach several organs, such as the liver, brain or lungs. Taking this into consideration, the present study focuses on the uptake and potential genotoxicity (micronuclei induction) of TiO2 NPs on four human cell lines of diverse origin: lung cells (A549), liver cells (HepG2), glial cells (A172) and neurons (SH-SY5Y), using flow cytometry methods. Results showed a concentration-, time- and cell-type- dependent increase in TiO2 NPs uptake but no significant induction of micronuclei in any of the tested conditions. Data obtained reinforce the importance of cell model and testing protocols choice for toxicity assessment. However, some questions remain to be answered, namely on the role of cell culture media components on the agglomeration state and mitigation of TiO2 NPs toxic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10030412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]],"date-time":"2020-02-28T09:30:36Z","timestamp":1582882236000},"page":"412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Genotoxicity of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Four Different Human Cell Lines (A549, HEPG2, A172 and SH-SY5Y)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2933-8561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, U. Porto\u2014University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7537-3977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Bert\u00f3lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigaci\u00f3n, Campus Elvi\u00f1a s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1269-8915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Ros\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, U. Porto\u2014University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"P\u00e1saro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigaci\u00f3n, Campus Elvi\u00f1a s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8693-5250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7649-2599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca","family":"Laffon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigaci\u00f3n, Campus Elvi\u00f1a s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Valdiglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigaci\u00f3n, Campus Elvi\u00f1a s\/n, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3ns Cient\u00edficas Avanzadas (CICA), Campus Elvi\u00f1a, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0027-8462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-10-15","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: A review of current toxicological data","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Part. 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