{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T02:44:20Z","timestamp":1775789060855,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]],"date-time":"2020-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"COMPETE 2020, Portugal 2020 and European Union, through FEDER","award":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/29651\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/29651\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT \u2013 Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/122112\/2016 (A.T.Reis)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/122112\/2016 (A.T.Reis)"]}]},{"name":"FCT \u2013 Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57\/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57\/2017, of July 19 (C.B. Lopes and A.C. Estrada)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57\/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57\/2017, of July 19 (C.B. Lopes and A.C. Estrada)"]}]},{"name":"FCT \u2013 Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["SFRH\/BD\/101060\/2014 (F. Brand\u00e3o)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/101060\/2014 (F. Brand\u00e3o)"]}]},{"name":"FCT \u2013 Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["SFRH\/BD\/12046\/2016 (M.J. Bessa)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/12046\/2016 (M.J. Bessa)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Humans are typically exposed to environmental contaminants\u2019 mixtures that result in different toxicity than exposure to the individual counterparts. Yet, the toxicology of chemical mixtures has been overlooked. This work aims at assessing and comparing viability and cell cycle of A549 cells after exposure to single and binary mixtures of: titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NP) 0.75\u201375 mg\/L; cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NP) 0.75\u201310 \u03bcg\/L; arsenic (As) 0.75\u20132.5 mg\/L; and mercury (Hg) 5\u2013100 mg\/L. Viability was assessed through water-soluble tetrazolium (WST-1) and thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) (24 h exposure) and clonogenic (seven-day exposure) assays. Cell cycle alterations were explored by flow cytometry. Viability was affected in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Prolonged exposure caused inhibition of cell proliferation even at low concentrations. Cell-cycle progression was affected by TiO2NP 75 mg\/L, and As 0.75 and 2.5 \u03bcg\/L, increasing the cell proportion at G0\/G1 phase. Combined exposure of TiO2NP or CeO2NP mitigated As adverse effects, increasing the cell surviving factor, but cell cycle alterations were still observed. Only CeO2NP co-exposure reduced Hg toxicity, translated in a decrease of cells in Sub-G1. Toxicity was diminished for both NPs co-exposure compared to its toxicity alone, but a marked toxicity for the highest concentrations was observed for longer exposures. These findings prove that joint toxicity of contaminants must not be disregarded.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10030447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T13:06:23Z","timestamp":1583240783000},"page":"447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Unravelling the Potential Cytotoxic Effects of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Metal(Loid) Mixtures on A549 Human Cell Line"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1269-8915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Ros\u00e1rio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Portuguese National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Portuguese National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, U. Porto\u2014University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Portuguese National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, U. Porto\u2014University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Portuguese National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia B.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniela S.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Center of Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8693-5250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Portuguese National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7150-997X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Teresa","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Portuguese National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Nanoparticles in modern medicine: State of the art and future challenges","volume":"2","author":"Murthy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. 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