{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T17:46:13Z","timestamp":1776534373824,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]],"date-time":"2020-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/FIS-NAN\/0909\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/FIS-NAN\/0909\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/114674\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/114674\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/142767\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/142767\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/142768\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/142768\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT\/MEC","award":["UID\/AMB\/04085\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/04085\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Triclosan (TCS) is a bacteriostatic used in household items that promotes antimicrobial resistance and endocrine disruption effects both to humans and biota, raising health concerns. In this sense, new devices for its continuous monitoring in complex matrices are needed. In this work, sensors, based on polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer (LbL) films prepared onto gold interdigitated electrodes (IDE), were studied. An electronic tongue array, composed of (polyethyleneimine (PEI)\/polysodium 4-styrenesulfonate (PSS))5 and (poly(allylamine hydrochloride\/graphene oxide)5 LbL films together with gold IDE without coating were used to detect TCS concentrations (10\u221215\u201310\u22125 M). Electrical impedance spectroscopy was used as means of transduction and the obtained data was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). The electronic tongue was tested in deionized water, mineral water and wastewater matrices showing its ability to (1) distinguish between TCS doped and non-doped solutions and (2) sort out the TCS range of concentrations. Regarding film stability, strong polyelectrolytes, as (PEI\/PSS)n, presented more firmness and no significant desorption when immersed in wastewater. Finally, the PCA data of gold IDE and (PEI\/PSS)5 sensors, for the mineral water and wastewater matrices, respectively, showed the ability to distinguish both matrices. A sensitivity value of 0.19 \u00b1 0.02 per decade to TCS concentration and a resolution of 0.13 pM were found through the PCA second principal component.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10040640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T10:29:38Z","timestamp":1585650578000},"page":"640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Polyelectrolyte Based Sensors as Key to Achieve Quantitative Electronic Tongues: Detection of Triclosan on Aqueous Environmental Matrices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5667-4819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Magro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CENSE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Zagalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFITEC, Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pereira-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFITEC, Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Pires Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENSE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5606-3591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Branco Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENSE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9665-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFITEC, Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4710-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFITEC, Departamento de F\u00edsica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.11.080","article-title":"Microwave-assisted extraction: Application to the determination of emerging pollutants in solid samples","volume":"1217","author":"Llompart","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evdokimova, O., Svensson, F., Agafonov, A., H\u00e5kansson, S., Seisenbaeva, G., and Kessler, V. (2018). Hybrid Drug Delivery Patches Based on Spherical Cellulose Nanocrystals and Colloid Titania\u2014Synthesis and Antibacterial Properties. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8040228"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/10590501.2010.504978","article-title":"Occurrence, Efficacy, Metabolism, and Toxicity of Triclosan","volume":"28","author":"Fang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part C"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(03)00164-7","article-title":"Environmental fate of Triclosan in the River Aire Basin, UK","volume":"37","author":"Sabaliunas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.015","article-title":"Cross-sectional associations between urinary triclosan and serum thyroid function biomarker concentrations in women","volume":"122","author":"Skarha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.09.084","article-title":"Occurrence of benzophenones, parabens and triclosan in the Yangtze River of China, and the implications for human exposure","volume":"213","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.029","article-title":"Exposure to triclosan among the Canadian population: Results of the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2009\u20132013)","volume":"123","author":"Juric","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2017.07.001","article-title":"Occurrence and environmental levels of triclosan and triclocarban in selected wastewater treatment plants in Gauteng Province, South Africa","volume":"3","author":"Lehutso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Contam."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.189","article-title":"The influence of temperature on the effects induced by Triclosan and Diclofenac in mussels","volume":"663","author":"Freitas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2004.10.019","article-title":"Triclosan in waste and surface waters from the upper Detroit River by liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry","volume":"31","author":"Hua","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1021\/es0114254","article-title":"Occurrence and environmental behavior of the bactericide triclosan and its methyl derivative in surface waters and in wastewater","volume":"36","author":"Buerge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.03.015","article-title":"Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant","volume":"329","author":"Stackelberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107s6907","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: Agents of subtle change?","volume":"107","author":"Daughton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11387","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4289-x","article-title":"GC\/MS analysis of triclosan and its degradation by-products in wastewater and sludge samples from different treatments","volume":"22","author":"Tohidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"53","article-title":"Determination of pesticides in water by liquid chromatography-(electrospray ionization)-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS)","volume":"14","author":"Queiroz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pestic. Rev. Ecotoxicol. Meio Ambient."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201200328","article-title":"Determination of trace triclosan in environmental water by microporous bamboo-activated charcoal solid-phase extraction combined with HPLC-ESI-MS","volume":"35","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.04.025","article-title":"Trace analysis of parabens, triclosan and related chlorophenols in water by headspace solid-phase microextraction with In Situ derivatization and gas chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1216","author":"Regueiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.02.021","article-title":"Determination of triclosan, triclocarban and methyl-triclosan in aqueous samples by dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction combined with rapid liquid chromatography","volume":"1216","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.04.025","article-title":"Monitoring the photochemical degradation of triclosan in wastewater by UV light and sunlight using solid-phase microextraction","volume":"65","author":"Llompart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(02)00183-5","article-title":"Use of a chemical sensor array for detecting pollutants in domestic wastewater","volume":"36","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.12.027","article-title":"Talanta Electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of triclosan based on graphene \/ palladium nanoparticles hybrids","volume":"164","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2008.11.007","article-title":"Development and characterization of an amperometric sensor for triclosan detection based on electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymer","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2018.04.026","article-title":"Fabrication of one dimensional CNTs\/Fe3O4@PPy\/Pd magnetic composites for the accumulation and electrochemical detection of triclosan","volume":"818","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.08.053","article-title":"A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: Current knowledge, understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring","volume":"72","author":"Petrie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magro, C., Mateus, E., Raposo, M., and Ribeiro, A.B. (2019). Overview of electronic tongue sensing in environmental aqueous matrices: Potential for monitoring emerging organic contaminants. Environ. Rev., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1139\/er-2018-0019"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podrazka, M., B\u00e1czy\u0144ska, E., Kundys, M., Jele\u0144, P.S., and Nery, E.W. (2017). Electronic tongue\u2014A tool for all tastes?. Biosensors, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios8010003"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.01.023","article-title":"Insight into the sensing mechanism of an impedance based electronic tongue for honey botanic origin discrimination","volume":"285","author":"Elamine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2019.05.024","article-title":"Critical review of electronic nose and tongue instruments prospects in pharmaceutical analysis","volume":"1077","author":"Wasilewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analytica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.10.018","article-title":"Influence of dissolution-modifying excipients in various pharmaceutical formulations on electronic tongue results","volume":"162","author":"Cal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2010.08.006","article-title":"Electronic tongue for the detection of taste-masking microencapsulation of active pharmaceutical substances","volume":"80","author":"Sollohub","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200577111965","article-title":"Nonspecific sensor arrays (\u201celectronic tongue\u201d) for chemical analysis of liquids (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"77","author":"Vlasov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1365\/s10337-004-0414-6","article-title":"Voltammetric Detector for Liquid Chromatography: Determination of Triclosan in Rabbit Urine and Serum","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9403","DOI":"10.1021\/jf902721r","article-title":"Electrochemical sensor for rapid detection of triclosan using a multiwall carbon nanotube film","volume":"57","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3258","DOI":"10.3390\/s7123258","article-title":"Detection of brominated by-products using a sensor array based on nanostructured thin films of conducting polymers","volume":"7","author":"Carvalho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2014.06.007","article-title":"Impedimetric and amperometric bifunctional glucose biosensor based on hybrid organic\u2014inorganic thin films","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10167","DOI":"10.3390\/s130810167","article-title":"Nano-Molar Deltamethrin Sensor Based on Electrical Impedance of PAH\/PAZO Layer-by-Layer Sensing Films","volume":"13","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1021\/la011017d","article-title":"Artificial taste sensor: Efficient combination of sensors made from Langmuir-Blodgett films of conducting polymers and a ruthenium complex and self-assembled films of an azobenzene-containing polymer","volume":"18","author":"Riul","year":"2002","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.12.170","article-title":"Detection of traces of triclosan in water","volume":"421","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-97331998000400014","article-title":"Adsorption mechanisms in layer-by-layer films","volume":"28","author":"Raposo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivero, P.J., Goicoechea, J., and Arregui, F.J. (2019). Layer-by-Layer Nano-Assembly: A Powerful Tool for Optical Fiber Sensing Applications. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030683"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201000013","article-title":"Electronic tongues employing electrochemical sensors","volume":"22","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7638389","article-title":"Advances in High-Resolution Microscale Impedance Sensors","volume":"2017","author":"Carminati","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sensors"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira-da-Silva, J., Zagalo, P.M., Magro, C., Pinto, I., Ribeiro, P.A., and Raposo, M. (2019, January 6\u20138). Detection and Adsorption of Triclosan on Sensors Based on PAH\/PVS Thin-Films. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 6th Portuguese Meeting on Bioengineering (ENBENG), Caparica, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/ENBENG.2019.8692527"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raposo, M., Ribeiro, P., S\u00e9rio, S., Staiano, A., and Ciaramella, A. (2020). Adsorption of Triclosan on Sensors Based on PAH\/PAZO Thin-Films: The Effect of pH. Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34585-3"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"O\u2019Neil, M.J. (2013). The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, Royal Society of Chemistry. [15th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nalwa, H.S. (2001). Langmuir-Blodgett and Self-Assembled Polymeric Films. Handbook of Surfaces and Interfaces of Materials, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012513910-6\/50003-7"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/20\/10\/010","article-title":"AC admittance of the metal\/insulator\/electrolyte interface","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.04.043","article-title":"Electronic tongue based on chemically modified electrodes and voltammetry for the detection of adulterations in wines","volume":"118","author":"Parra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rieger, P.H. (1994). The Electrified Interface. Electrochemistry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0691-7"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1021\/la304036h","article-title":"Determination of degree of ionization of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly[1-[4-(3-carboxy-4 hydroxyphenylazo)benzene sulfonamido]-1,2- ethanediyl, sodium salt] (PAZO) in layer-by-layer films using vacuum photoabsorption spectroscopy","volume":"29","author":"Ferreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1021\/la990945y","article-title":"Energies of Adsorption of Poly (o-methoxyaniline) Layer-by-Layer Films","volume":"16","author":"Raposo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2012.05.005","article-title":"Counterions\u2014A new approach to control the degree of ionization of polyelectrolytes in layer-by-layer films","volume":"412","author":"Raposo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.16.006.2009","article-title":"Adhesion molecule-modified biomaterials for neural tissue engineering","volume":"2","author":"Rao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Neuroeng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2018.03.006","article-title":"Graphene oxide-cation interaction: Inter-layer spacing and zeta potential changes in response to various salt solutions","volume":"554","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1021\/ma048596o","article-title":"Influence of the degree of ionization on weak polyelectrolyte multilayer assembly","volume":"38","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1021\/jz300236w","article-title":"Understanding aqueous dispersibility of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide through p K a measurements","volume":"3","author":"Konkena","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03302.x","article-title":"Role of the initial degree of ionization of polyethylenimine in the dispersion of silicon carbide nanoparticles","volume":"86","author":"Zhu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8103","DOI":"10.1021\/la049872v","article-title":"Counterions in Poly (allylamine hydrochloride) and Poly (styrene sulfonate) Layer-by-Layer Films","volume":"20","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4830","DOI":"10.1021\/ma049797v","article-title":"NMR studies of PAH\/PSS polyelectrolyte multilayers adsorbed onto silica","volume":"37","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Macromolecules"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/4\/640\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:13:11Z","timestamp":1760173991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/4\/640"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nano10040640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano10040640","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]]}}}