{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T05:54:39Z","timestamp":1774331679991,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,5]],"date-time":"2020-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ENE2017-86425-C2-2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENE2017-86425-C2-2-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UNST15-DE-3156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNST15-DE-3156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ENE2017-86425-C2-2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENE2017-86425-C2-2-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UNST15-DE-3156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNST15-DE-3156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED431E 2018\/08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431E 2018\/08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRC ED431C 2017\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRC ED431C 2017\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRC ED431C 2016\/001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRC ED431C 2016\/001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UNST15-DE-3156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNST15-DE-3156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main task of this work is to study the tribological performance of nanolubricants formed by trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO) base oil with magnetic nanoparticles coated with oleic acid: Fe3O4 of two sizes 6.3 nm and 10 nm, and Nd alloy compound of 19 nm. Coated nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via chemical co-precipitation or thermal decomposition by adsorption with oleic acid in the same step. Three nanodispersions of TMPTO of 0.015 wt% of each NP were prepared, which were stable for at least 11 months. Two different types of tribological tests were carried out: pure sliding conditions and rolling conditions (5% slide to roll ratio). With the aim of analyzing the wear by means of the wear scar diameter (WSD), the wear track depth and the volume of the wear track produced after the first type of the tribological tests, a 3D optical profiler was used. The best tribological performance was found for the Nd alloy compound nanodispersion, with reductions of 29% and 67% in friction and WSD, respectively, in comparison with TMPTO. On the other hand, rolling conditions tests were utilized to study friction and film thickness of nanolubricants, determining that Fe3O4 (6.3 nm) nanolubricant reduces friction in comparison to TMPTO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10040683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T05:05:13Z","timestamp":1586149513000},"page":"683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Tribological Behavior of Nanolubricants Based on Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles and Trimethylolpropane Trioleate Base Oil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Li\u00f1eira del R\u00edo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Thermophysical Properties, Nafomat Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, Universidade of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9105-0876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enriqueta R.","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Thermophysical Properties, Nafomat Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, Universidade of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6234-228X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Department, NANOMAG Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0314-8567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Vilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Department, NANOMAG Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Pi\u00f1eiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Department, NANOMAG Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5059-3196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Department, NANOMAG Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0549-3399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E. P.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Universidade do Porto, Dr. Roberto Frias St., 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge H. O.","family":"Seabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), Dr. Roberto Frias St., 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9528-6173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josefa","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Thermophysical Properties, Nafomat Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, Universidade of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s40544-017-0183-5","article-title":"Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions","volume":"5","author":"Holmberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Friction"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2019.03.024","article-title":"The impact of tribology on energy use and CO2 emission globally and in combustion engine and electric cars","volume":"135","author":"Holmberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2015.12.040","article-title":"Enhancing lubricant properties by nanoparticle additives","volume":"41","author":"Shahnazar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2016.05.020","article-title":"Roles of nanoparticles in oil lubrication","volume":"102","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00231-018-2351-1","article-title":"Thermophysical and tribological properties of nanolubricants: A review","volume":"54","author":"Kotia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051606","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4039720","article-title":"Friction and Wear Reduction Mechanisms of the Reciprocating Contact Interfaces Using Nanolubricant Under Different Loads and Speeds","volume":"140","author":"Xianjun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tribol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2018.04.004","article-title":"Novel approach of the graphene nanolubricant for energy saving via anti-friction\/wear in automobile engines","volume":"124","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11249-012-9965-0","article-title":"Tribological Effects of BN and MoS2 Nanoparticles Added to Polyalphaolefin Oil in Piston Skirt\/Cylinder Liner Tests","volume":"47","author":"Demas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tribol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11249-015-0589-z","article-title":"Friction Modifier Additives","volume":"60","author":"Spikes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tribol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cossms.2014.02.002","article-title":"A review of recent developments of friction modifiers for liquid lubricants (2007\u2013present)","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2015-0031","article-title":"Improving the tribological behavior of internal combustion engines via the addition of nanoparticles to engine oils","volume":"4","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mini Review on the Significance Nano-Lubricants in Boundary Lubrication Regime","volume":"2","author":"Abdelkareem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11249-014-0330-3","article-title":"Tribological Properties of Engine Oil with Carbon Nano-horns as Nano-additives","volume":"55","author":"Zin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tribol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17458080.2013.778424","article-title":"Experimental analysis of stable CuO nanoparticle enhanced lubricants","volume":"10","author":"Ghaednia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Renner, P., and Liang, H. (2019). Dispersion of Nanoparticles in Lubricating Oil: A Critical Review. Lubricants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/lubricants7010007"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-679X(98)00042-5","article-title":"Study on antiwear and reducing friction additive of nanometer ferric oxide","volume":"31","author":"Hu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2008.12.050","article-title":"Tribological behavior of copper nanoparticles as additives in oil","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2014.09.003","article-title":"Tribological properties of polyalphaolefin oil modified with nanocarbon additives","volume":"54","author":"Nunn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.06.080","article-title":"Investigation of the tribology behaviour of the graphene nanosheets as oil additives on textured alloy cast iron surface","volume":"387","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205303","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/44\/20\/205303","article-title":"Tribological properties of oleic acid-modified graphene as lubricant oil additives","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1021\/am5083232","article-title":"Alkyl-Chain-Grafted Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanoplatelets as Oil-Dispersible Additives for Friction and Wear Reduction","volume":"7","author":"Kumari","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR08240E","article-title":"Nanolubricants dispersed with graphene and its derivatives: An assessment and review of the tribological performance","volume":"11","author":"Paul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.04.072","article-title":"Graphene based nanofluids and nanolubricants\u2014Review of recent developments","volume":"63","author":"Rasheed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2017.08.012","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the tribological behavior of lubricants with additive containing copper nanoparticles","volume":"117","author":"Borda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4044294","article-title":"Experimental Study on Tribological Property of MoS2 Nanoparticle in Castor Oil","volume":"141","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Tribol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2013.01.027","article-title":"Sliding tribological properties of 0.45% carbon steel lubricated with Fe3O4 magnetic nano-particle additives in baseoil","volume":"301","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2019.105952","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and tribological properties of polyalphaolefin with magnetic reduced graphene oxide\/Fe3O4","volume":"141","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tribol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2010.03.007","article-title":"Experimental investigation of friction in entrapped elastohydrodynamic contacts","volume":"43","author":"Young","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13115","DOI":"10.1021\/am502980m","article-title":"Ionic Liquids Based on Phosphonium Cations As Neat Lubricants or Lubricant Additives for a Steel\/Steel Contact","volume":"6","author":"Otero","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.07.107","article-title":"Thermophysical and tribological properties of dispersions based on graphene and a trimethylolpropane trioleate oil","volume":"268","author":"Guimarey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8204","DOI":"10.1021\/ja026501x","article-title":"Size-Controlled Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles","volume":"124","author":"Sun","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.1981.1061188","article-title":"Preparation of aqueous magnetic liquids in alkaline and acidic media","volume":"17","author":"Massart","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.12.498","article-title":"Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles and their Magnetic Properties","volume":"27","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2009.11.079","article-title":"Re-examination of characteristic FTIR spectrum of secondary layer in bilayer oleic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles","volume":"256","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/bbpc.198800131","article-title":"Nakamoto: Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, 4. Auflage, John Wiley & Sons, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore 1986. 484 Seiten, Preis: $55, -","volume":"92","author":"Beck","year":"1988","journal-title":"Berichte der Bunsenges. f\u00fcr Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, L.D.C., Ya\u00f1ez-Vilar, S., Pi\u00f1eiro, Y., and Rivas, J. (2019). Novel Magnetic Nanostructured Beads for Cadmium(II) Removal. Nanomater., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9030356"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5734","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)19655-6","article-title":"Synthesis and Some Physical Properties of Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Zidan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/ls.88","article-title":"Correlation between friction and flow of lubricating greases in a new tribometer device","volume":"21","author":"Heyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lubr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.24874\/ti.2017.39.03.06","article-title":"Tribological Studies in Cartilaginous Tissue of Lamb Synovial Joints Lubricated by Distilled Water and Interstitial-Fluid-Like Solution","volume":"39","author":"Jabbarzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tribol. Ind."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1243\/1350650011543510","article-title":"Interferometry-based measurements of oil-film thickness","volume":"215","author":"Marklund","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J: J. Eng. Tribol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, P., Martins, R.C., and Seabra, J.H.O. (2020). Experimental measurement of rolling bearing torque loss in a modified Four-Ball machine: An improved setup. Lubr. Sci.","DOI":"10.1002\/ls.1499"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2017.01.020","article-title":"Two phosphonium cation-based ionic liquids used as lubricant additive. Part II: Tribofilm analysis and friction torque loss in cylindrical roller thrust bearings at constant temperature","volume":"109","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2020.112442","article-title":"Synergy between boron nitride or graphene nanoplatelets and tri(butyl)ethylphosphonium diethylphosphate ionic liquid as lubricant additives of triisotridecyltrimellitate oil","volume":"301","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.04.027","article-title":"Effect of ZrO2 nanoparticles on thermophysical and rheological properties of three synthetic oils","volume":"262","author":"Guimarey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.10.107","article-title":"Tribological properties of dispersions based on reduced graphene oxide sheets and trimethylolpropane trioleate or PAO 40 oils","volume":"274","author":"Fernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4596(03)00294-9","article-title":"Raman spectroscopic study of magnetite (FeFe2O4): A new assignment for the vibrational spectrum","volume":"174","author":"Shebanova","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2014.09.004","article-title":"Safflower oil: An integrated assessment of phytochemistry, antiulcerogenic activity, and rodent and environmental toxicity","volume":"24","author":"Toma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. de Farm."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.8b05090","article-title":"High Pressure Characterization of the Viscous and Volumetric Behavior of Three Transmission Oils","volume":"58","author":"Seabra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.10.127","article-title":"Experimental and numerical assessment of methods to reduce warm up time of engine lubricant oil","volume":"162","author":"Cipollone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Hamrock, B., and Dowson, D. (1978). Minimum film thickness in elliptical contacts for different regimes of fluid-film lubrication, Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/4\/683\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:15:43Z","timestamp":1760174143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/4\/683"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,5]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nano10040683"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano10040683","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,5]]}}}