{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T20:02:10Z","timestamp":1776542530408,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01620\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01620\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/QUI-COL\/30834\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QUI-COL\/30834\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/147038\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/147038\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory skin diseases, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, affect around one quarter to one third of the world population. Systemic cyclosporine A, an immunosuppressant agent, is included in the current therapeutic armamentarium of these diseases. Despite being highly effective, it is associated with several side effects, and its topical administration is limited by its high molecular weight and poor water solubility. To overcome these limitations, cyclosporine A was incorporated into solid lipid nanoparticles obtained from Softisan\u00ae 649, a commonly used cosmetic ingredient, aiming to develop a vehicle for application to the skin. The nanoparticles presented sizes of around 200 nm, low polydispersity, negative surface charge, and stability when stored for 8 weeks at room temperature or 4 \u00b0C. An effective incorporation of 88% of cyclosporine A within the nanoparticles was observed, without affecting its morphology. After the freeze-drying process, the Softisan\u00ae 649-based nanoparticles formed an oleogel. Skin permeation studies using pig ear as a model revealed low permeation of the applied cyclosporine A in the freeze-dried form of the nanoparticles in relation to free drug and the freshly prepared nanoparticles. About 1.0 mg of cyclosporine A was delivered to the skin with reduced transdermal permeation. These results confirm local delivery of cyclosporine A, indicating its promising topical administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10050986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T11:31:18Z","timestamp":1590060678000},"page":"986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Freeze-Dried Softisan\u00ae 649-Based Lipid Nanoparticles for Enhanced Skin Delivery of Cyclosporine A"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Maria In\u00eas","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8690-3187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8777-5877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia A.","family":"Costa Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, MedTech, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Dermatologia do Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua D. Manuel II, s\/n, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0736-2835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salette","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-016-0167-9","article-title":"Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"7","author":"Griffiths","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2009.035","article-title":"Long-term management of patients taking immunosuppressive drugs","volume":"32","author":"Hsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. 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