{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T20:57:45Z","timestamp":1776200265926,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,21]],"date-time":"2020-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are known for containing many organic compounds of interest, including carbohydrates, lipids, phenolic compounds and proteins. Therefore, we investigated them as a potential source to obtain carbon dots (CDs) via a nanotechnology approach. Herein, a comparison was performed between CDs produced by SCGs and classic precursors (e.g., citric acid and urea). The SCG-based CDs were obtained via the one-pot and solvent-free carbonization of solid samples, generating nanosized particles (2.1\u20133.9 nm). These nanoparticles exhibited a blue fluorescence with moderate quantum yields (2.9\u20135.8%) and an excitation-dependent emission characteristic of carbon dots. SCG-based CDs showed potential as environmentally relevant fluorescent probes for Fe3+ in water. More importantly, life cycle assessment studies validated the production of CDs from SCG samples as a more environmentally sustainable route, as compared to those using classic reported precursors, when considering either a weight- or a function-based functional unit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10061209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]],"date-time":"2020-06-22T06:46:12Z","timestamp":1592808372000},"page":"1209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Turning Spent Coffee Grounds into Sustainable Precursors for the Fabrication of Carbon Dots"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9892-8613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana M. A.","family":"Crista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Abderrahim","family":"El Mragui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2410-8430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Algarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of M\u00e1laga, Campus de Teatino s\/n, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8478-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim C. G.","family":"Esteves da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4190-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, Edif. Marie Curie, Ctra N-IVA Km 396, E-14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Design and Synthesis of Innovative compounds for Medicine, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5647-8455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Pinto da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00269E","article-title":"Carbon quantum dots and their applications","volume":"44","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2018.08.001","article-title":"Current status and prospects on chemical structure driven photoluminescence behaviour of carbon dots","volume":"37","author":"Barman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. 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