{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:33:43Z","timestamp":1777926823117,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]],"date-time":"2020-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00081\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00081\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01425\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01425\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144423\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144423\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon dots (CDs) are carbon-based nanoparticles with very attractive luminescence features. Furthermore, their synthesis by bottom-up strategies is quite flexible, as tuning the reaction precursors and synthesis procedures can lead to an endless number of CDs with distinct properties and applications. However, this complex variability has made the characterization of the structural and optical properties of the nanomaterials difficult. Herein, we performed a systematic evaluation of the effect of three representative bottom-up strategies (hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, and calcination) on the properties of CDs prepared from the same precursors (citric acid and urea). Our results revealed that these synthesis routes led to nanoparticles with similar sizes, identical excitation-dependent blue-to-green emission, and similar surface-functionalization. However, we have also found that microwave and calcination strategies are more efficient towards nitrogen-doping than hydrothermal synthesis, and thus, the former routes are able to generate CDs with significantly higher fluorescence quantum yields than the latter. Furthermore, the different synthesis strategies appear to have a role in the origin of the photoluminescence of the CDs, as hydrothermal-based nanoparticles present an emission more dependent on surface states, while microwave- and calcination-based CDs present an emission with more contributions from core states. Furthermore, calcination and microwave routes are more suitable for high-yield synthesis (~27\u201329%), while hydrothermal synthesis present almost negligible synthesis yields (~2%). Finally, life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to investigate the sustainability of these processes and indicated microwave synthesis as the best choice for future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10071316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T03:19:27Z","timestamp":1594005567000},"page":"1316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Evaluation of Different Bottom-up Routes for the Fabrication of Carbon Dots"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Diana M. A.","family":"Crista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8478-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim C. G.","family":"Esteves da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5647-8455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Pinto da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1039\/C9QM00552H","article-title":"The formation mechanism and fluorophores of carbon dots synthesized via a bottom-up route","volume":"4","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Front."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2011.04.009","article-title":"Analytical and bioanalytical applications of carbon dots","volume":"30","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7175","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TC01640F","article-title":"Microwave-assisted synthesis of carbon dots and their applications","volume":"7","author":"Manioudakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b08516","article-title":"Unravelling the Multiple Emissive States in Citric-Acid-Derived Carbon Dots","volume":"120","author":"Dhenadhayalan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbonaro, C.M., Corpino, R., Salis, M., Mocci, F., Thakkar, S.V., Olla, C., and Ricci, P.C. (2019). On the Emission Properties of Carbon Dots: Reviewing Data and Discussing Models. C\u2014J. Carbon Res., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/c5040060"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63769-z","article-title":"Graphene Quantum Dot Oxidation Governs Noncovalent Biopolymer Adsorption","volume":"10","author":"Jeong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2019.11.006","article-title":"Carbon nanomaterials with sp2 or\/and sp hybridization in energy conversion and storage applications: A review","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b03669","article-title":"Carbon Dots: Zero-Dimensional Carbon Allotrope with Unique Photoinduced Redox Characteristics","volume":"5","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2018.10.010","article-title":"Influence of molecular fluorophores on the research field of chemically synthesized carbon dots","volume":"23","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TA08660H","article-title":"Recent progress in carbon quantum dots: synthesis, properties and applications in photocatalysis","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-8-122","article-title":"Systematic safety evaluation on photoluminescent carbon dots","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00269E","article-title":"Carbon quantum dots and their applications","volume":"44","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6726","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200906623","article-title":"Luminescent carbon nanodots: Emergent nanolights","volume":"49","author":"Baker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7756","DOI":"10.1021\/ja062677d","article-title":"Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence","volume":"128","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24991","DOI":"10.1021\/jp4040166","article-title":"Surfactant-Derived Amphiphilic Carbon Dots with Tunable Photoluminescence","volume":"117","author":"Datta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20919","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CP03730F","article-title":"Insight into the hybrid luminescence showed by carbon dots and molecular fluorophores in solution","volume":"21","author":"Crista","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-018-02336-2","article-title":"3-Hydroxyphenylboronic Acid-Based Carbon Dot Sensors for Fructose Sensing","volume":"29","author":"Crista","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-017-2214-6","article-title":"Carbon Nanodots as Dual-Mode Nanosensors for Selective Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-016-1807-6","article-title":"Carbon dots prepared from citric acid and urea as fluorescent probes for hypochlorite and peroxynitrite","volume":"183","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta (Online)"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.120447","article-title":"Hypochlorite fluorescence sensing by phenylboronic acid-alizarin adduct based carbon dots","volume":"208","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11835","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11835","article-title":"Carbon Quantum Dots for Zebrafish Fluorescence Imaging","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6192","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR08970A","article-title":"Triple conjugated carbon dots as a nano-drug delivery model for glioblastoma brain tumors","volume":"11","author":"Hettiarachchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2016.08.058","article-title":"Synthesis of carbon quantum dots by chemical vapor deposition approach for use in polymer solar cell as the electrode buffer layer","volume":"109","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10991","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR02643B","article-title":"Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based carbon dots for photodynamic therapy","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120080","article-title":"Comparative life cycle assessment of bottom-up synthesis routes for carbon dots derived from citric acid and urea","volume":"254","author":"Yuso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.201701736","article-title":"Carbon Dots: Bottom-Up Syntheses, Properties, and Light-Harvesting Applications","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. -Asian J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1039\/C3NR03996J","article-title":"Carbon quantum dots with photo-generated proton property as efficient visible light controlled acid catalyst","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7210","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NJ00985G","article-title":"Red emissive carbon dots obtained from direct calcination of 1,2,4-triaminobenzene for dual-mode pH sensing in living cells","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40560","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b14188","article-title":"Design of Carbon Dots for Metal-free Photoredox Catalysis","volume":"10","author":"Cailotto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acs Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37835","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b13217","article-title":"Highly Biocompatible, Fluorescence, and Zwitterionic Carbon Dots as a Novel Approach for Bioimaging Applications in Cancerous Cells","volume":"10","author":"Sri","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christe, S., Esteves da Silva, J.C.G., and Pinto da Silva, L. (2020). Evaluation of the Environmental Impact and Efficiency of N-Doping Strategies in the Synthesis of Carbon Dots. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13030504"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8904","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB02484C","article-title":"Sustainable carbon-dots: Recent advances in green carbon dots for sensing and bioimaging","volume":"5","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1039\/c2gc16451e","article-title":"Synthesis and analytical applications of photoluminescent carbon nanodots","volume":"14","author":"Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23518","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA25706A","article-title":"Efficient synthesis of rice based graphene quantum dots and their fluorescent properties","volume":"6","author":"Kalita","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crista, D.M.A., El Mragui, A., Algarra, M., Esteves da Silva, J.C.G., Luque, R., and Pinto da Silva, L. (2020). Turning Spent Coffee Grounds into Sustainable Precursors for the Fabrication of Carbon Dots. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10061209"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25638","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.8b08012","article-title":"Carbon Dots in Water and Mesoporous Matrix: Chasing the Origin of their Photoluminescence","volume":"122","author":"Carbonaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-016-2043-9","article-title":"Carbon dots doped with heteroatoms for fluorescent bioimaging: A review","volume":"184","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.6b00018","article-title":"Nitrogen-Doping Enhanced Fluorescent Carbon Dots: Green Synthesis and Their Applications for Bioimaging and Label-Free Detection of Au3+ Ions","volume":"4","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6018","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b01650","article-title":"Solar Hydrogen Production Using Carbon Quantum Dots and a Molecular Nickel Catalyst","volume":"137","author":"Martindale","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10307","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR02792B","article-title":"A green heterogeneous synthesis of N-doped carbon dots and their photoluminescence applications in solid and aqueous states","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13889","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR03602K","article-title":"Luminescence phenomena of carbon dots derived from citric acid and urea\u2014A molecular insight","volume":"10","author":"Kasprzyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, L., Tang, Y., Lu, H., Yu, S., Ding, X., Xu, K., Li, Z., and Zhang, J.Z. (2018). Highly Photoluminescent and Stable N-Doped Carbon Dots as Nanoprobes for Hg2+ Detection. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8110900"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.06.072","article-title":"Peroxynitrite and nitric oxide fluorescence sensing by ethylenediamine doped carbon dots","volume":"220","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, A., Afonso Teixeira, C., and Rouboa, A. (2018). Environmental Analysis of Waste-to-Energy-A Portuguese Case Study. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11030548"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2018.04.084","article-title":"Assessment study of an advanced gasification strategy at low temperature for syngas generation","volume":"43","author":"Ramos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, S., Esteves da Silva, J.C.G., and Pinto da Silva, L. (2020). Life Cycle Assessment of the Sustainability of Enhancing the Photodegradation Activity of TiO2 with Metal-Doping. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13071487"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1967.tb08790.x","article-title":"Quantitative Spectrofluorimetry-The Fluorescence Quantum Yield of Quinine Sulfate","volume":"6","author":"Eastman","year":"1967","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1021\/j100820a009","article-title":"Quantum Efficiencies of Fluorescence of Organic Substances: Effect of Solvent and Concentration of The Fluorescent Solute1","volume":"65","author":"Melhuish","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7833","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b00027","article-title":"Facile and High-Yield Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots from Biomass-Derived Carbons at Mild Condition","volume":"7","author":"Jing","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.201700126","article-title":"C 1s Peak of Adventitious Carbon Aligns to the Vacuum Level: Dire Consequences for Material\u2019s Bonding Assignment by Photoelectron Spectroscopy","volume":"18","author":"Greczynski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemphyschem"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-015-0768-0","article-title":"Effect of oxygen and nitrogen functionalization on the physical and electronic structure of graphene","volume":"8","author":"Marsden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Chastain, J. (1992). Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Perkin-Elmer Corp."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b10186","article-title":"Graphitic Nitrogen Doping in Carbon Dots Causes Red-Shifted Absorption","volume":"120","author":"Sarkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.6b01791","article-title":"Origin of Excitation Dependent Fluorescence in Carbon Nanodots","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702098","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201702098","article-title":"Excitation-Dependent Photoluminescence from Single-Carbon Dots","volume":"13","author":"Nie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.08.089","article-title":"High quantum yield nitrogen-doped carbon dots: Green synthesis and application as \u201coff-on\u201d fluorescent sensors for the determination of Fe3+ and adenosine triphosphate in biological samples","volume":"276","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-3176-9","article-title":"Nitrogen-doped carbon dots with high quantum yield for colorimetric and fluorometric detection of ferric ions and in a fluorescent ink","volume":"186","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mikrochim Acta"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12862","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b06051","article-title":"Supramolecular-Enhanced Charge Transfer within Entangled Polyamide Chains as the Origin of the Universal Blue Fluorescence of Polymer Carbon Dots","volume":"140","author":"Vallan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27642","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CP04782J","article-title":"Light emitting diodes based on carbon dots derived from food, beverage, and combustion wastes","volume":"17","author":"Sarswat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR08595A","article-title":"Influence of surface chemistry on optical, chemical and electronic properties of blue luminescent carbon dots","volume":"11","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CP07411E","article-title":"\u201cWhere does the fluorescing moiety reside in a carbon dot?\u201d\u2014Investigations based on fluorescence anisotropy decay and resonance energy transfer dynamics","volume":"20","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/7\/1316\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:47:23Z","timestamp":1760176043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/7\/1316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nano10071316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano10071316","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]]}}}