{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T19:26:32Z","timestamp":1768591592050,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/110478\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/110478\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01913\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01913\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/NAN-MAT\/30513\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/NAN-MAT\/30513\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00481\/2020 and UIDP\/00481\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00481\/2020 and UIDP\/00481\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/AMB\/50017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/50017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership agreement and Compete 2020","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-030513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-030513"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of new graphene-based nanocomposites able to provide synergistic effects for the adsorption of toxic heavy metals in realistic conditions (environment) is of higher demand for future applications. This work explores the preparation of a green nanocomposite based on the self-assembly of graphene oxide (GO) with chitosan (CH) for the remediation of Hg(II) in different water matrices, including ultrapure and natural waters (tap water, river water, and seawater). Starting at a concentration of 50 \u03bcg L\u20131, the results showed that GO\u2013CH nanocomposite has an excellent adsorption capacity of Hg (II) using very small doses (10 mg L\u20131) in ultrapure water with a removal percentage (% R) of 97 % R after only two hours of contact time. In the case of tap water, the % R was 81.4% after four hours of contact time. In the case of river and seawater, the GO\u2013CH nanocomposite showed a limited performance due the high complexity of the water matrices, leading to a residual removal of Hg(II). The obtained removal of Hg(II) at equilibrium in river and seawater for GO\u2013CH was 13% R and 7% R, respectively. Our studies conducted with different mimicked sea waters revealed that the removal of mercury is not affected by the presence of NO3\u2013 and Na+ (&gt;90% R of Hg(II)); however, in the presence of Cl\u2013, the mercury removal was virtually nonexistent (1% R of Hg(II)), most likely because of the formation of very stable chloro-complexes of Hg(II) with less affinity towards GO\u2013CH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10081474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T10:16:49Z","timestamp":1595931409000},"page":"1474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Green Graphene\u2013Chitosan Sorbent Materials for Mercury Water Remediation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Bessa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Tecnologia Mec\u00e2nica e Automa\u00e7\u00e3o (TEMA), Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM) &amp; Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2302-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gil","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Tecnologia Mec\u00e2nica e Automa\u00e7\u00e3o (TEMA), Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6472-5479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM) &amp; Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde-Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia (LAQV-REQUIMTE) &amp; Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5115-6780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eddy M.","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Tecnologia Mec\u00e2nica e Automa\u00e7\u00e3o (TEMA), Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduarda","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde-Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia (LAQV-REQUIMTE) &amp; Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7498-452X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula A. A. P.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Tecnologia Mec\u00e2nica e Automa\u00e7\u00e3o (TEMA), Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2010.10.009","article-title":"Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability to global environmental change: Challenges and pathways for an action-oriented research agenda for middle-income and low-income countries","volume":"2","author":"Lahsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5350.491","article-title":"Entering the Century of the Environment: A New Social Contract for Science","volume":"279","author":"Lubchenco","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.06.166","article-title":"Heavy metals in drinking water: Occurrences, implications, and future needs in developing countries","volume":"569\u2013570","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.408","article-title":"Mercury pollution in modern times and its socio-medical consequences","volume":"654","author":"Budnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4967","DOI":"10.1021\/es305071v","article-title":"Mercury as a Global Pollutant: Sources, Pathways, and Effects","volume":"47","author":"Driscoll","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"17","article-title":"Heavy Metals Causing Toxicity in Animals and Fishes","volume":"2","author":"Pandey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. J. Anim. Vet. Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.051","article-title":"The toxicology of mercury: Current research and emerging trends","volume":"159","author":"Dadar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2018). Mercury in Europe\u2019s Environment, European Comission."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.10.105","article-title":"Engineered nanomaterials for water treatment and remediation: Costs, benefits, and applicability","volume":"286","author":"Adeleye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.09.058","article-title":"Applications of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment","volume":"47","author":"Qu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-018-00829-x","article-title":"Removal of heavy metals by leaves-derived biosorbents","volume":"17","author":"Anastopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.111684","article-title":"Agricultural biomass\/waste as adsorbents for toxic metal decontamination of aqueous solutions","volume":"295","author":"Anastopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135883","article-title":"Valuation of banana peels as an effective biosorbent for mercury removal under low environmental concentrations","volume":"709","author":"Fabre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2018.07.020","article-title":"A review on graphene oxide and its composites preparation and their use for the removal of As3+ and As5+ from water under the effect of various parameters: Application of isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamics","volume":"119","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.12.061","article-title":"A review of functionalized carbon nanotubes and graphene for heavy metal adsorption from water: Preparation, application, and mechanism","volume":"195","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EN00194D","article-title":"Application of graphene-based materials in water purification: From the nanoscale to specific devices","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3434","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201400128","article-title":"Porous graphene materials for water remediation","volume":"10","author":"Niu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0325-6","article-title":"Environmental performance of graphene-based 3D macrostructures","volume":"14","author":"Yousefi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4796","DOI":"10.1021\/cm901052s","article-title":"Surface modification of graphene nanosheets with gold nanoparticles: The role of oxygen moieties at graphene surface on gold nucleation and growth","volume":"21","author":"Goncalves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1039\/B917103G","article-title":"The chemistry of graphene oxide","volume":"39","author":"Dreyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5586","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201400267","article-title":"Self-Assembly of Graphene Oxide at Interfaces","volume":"26","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.09.028","article-title":"Optimized graphene oxide foam with enhanced performance and high selectivity for mercury removal from water","volume":"301","author":"Henriques","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s40789-016-0148-8","article-title":"Post-synthesis modification of porous organic polymers with amine: A task-specific microenvironment for CO2 capture","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06683-w","article-title":"Removal of heavy metals in aquatic environment by graphene oxide composites: A review","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16532","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA01500F","article-title":"Removal of Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cr6+ from aqueous solutions using a chitosan\/graphene oxide composite nanofibrous adsorbent","volume":"5","author":"Irani","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.06.025","article-title":"Microwave preparation of triethylenetetramine modified graphene oxide\/chitosan composite for adsorption of Cr(VI)","volume":"131","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.027","article-title":"A novel modified graphene oxide\/chitosan composite used as an adsorbent for Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1039\/C7EN00412E","article-title":"Fabrication of a phosphorylated graphene oxide-chitosan composite for highly effective and selective capture of U(VI)","volume":"4","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parlay\u0131c\u0131, \u015e., Avc\u0131, A., and Pehlivan, E. (2019). Fabrication of novel chitosan-humic acid-graphene oxide composite to improve adsorption properties for Cr(VI). Arab. J. Geosci., 12.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-019-4828-8"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fabrication of chitosan\/magnetite-graphene oxide composites as a novel bioadsorbent for adsorption and detoxification of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1039\/C2TA00406B","article-title":"Graphene oxide\u2013chitosan composite hydrogels as broad-spectrum adsorbents for water purification","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9764","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA28406J","article-title":"Heavy metals removal by EDTA-functionalized chitosan graphene oxide nanocomposites","volume":"7","author":"Shahzad","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-014-2246-3","article-title":"Adsorption behavior of cross-linked chitosan modified by graphene oxide for Cu(II) removal","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cent. South. Univ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.06.030","article-title":"pH-tunable surface charge of chitosan\/graphene oxide composite adsorbent for efficient removal of multiple pollutants from water","volume":"284","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.7569\/JRM.2016.634134","article-title":"Graphene-based 3D xerogel as adsorbent for removal of heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater purnendu","volume":"5","author":"Satapathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Renew. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b05138","article-title":"Selective adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous medium by cross-linked chitosan-functionalized graphene oxide adsorbent","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thy, L.T.M., Thuong, N.H., Tu, T.H., Nam, H.M., Hieu, N.H., and Phong, M.T. (2019). Synthesis of magnetic iron oxide\/graphene oxide nanocomposites for removal of cadmium ions from water. Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.1088\/2043-6254\/ab1b79"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.05.117","article-title":"Adsorption of arsenic using chitosan magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite","volume":"246","author":"Sherlala","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2012.02.051","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of chitosan\/graphene oxide composites for the adsorption of Au(III) and Pd(II)","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2013.07.055","article-title":"The role of chitosan as nanofiller of graphite oxide for the removal of toxic mercury ions","volume":"113","author":"Kyzas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.01.089","article-title":"Graphene oxide\/chitosan sponge as a novel filtering material for the removal of dye from water","volume":"517","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Council of European Communities (1984). Council directive of 8 March 1984 on limit values and quality objectives for mercury discharges by sectors other than the chlor-alkali electrolysis industry (84\/156\/EEC). Off. J. Eur. Communities, 74, 29."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5963","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-1615-z","article-title":"Core-shell magnetite-silica dithiocarbamate-derivatised particles achieve the water framework directive quality criteria for mercury in surface waters","volume":"20","author":"Lopes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-2104-0","article-title":"Cork stoppers as an effective sorbent for water treatment: The removal of mercury at environmentally relevant concentrations and conditions","volume":"21","author":"Lopes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Council of the European Union, and Parliament, E. (2013). Directive 2013\/39\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 August 2013 Amending Directives 2000\/60\/EC and 2008\/105\/EC as Regards Priority Substances in the Field of Water Policy, Official Journal of the European Union, European Union."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2010.11.005","article-title":"Common data analysis errors in batch adsorption studies","volume":"105","author":"Malash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substances","volume":"24","author":"Lagergren","year":"1898","journal-title":"K. Sven Veten Hand"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(98)00112-5","article-title":"Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes","volume":"34","author":"Ho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Process. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1021\/cr60205a003","article-title":"Kinetics of Chemisorption of Gases on Solids","volume":"60","author":"Low","year":"1960","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01203a066","article-title":"The exchange adsorption of ions from aqueous solutions by organic zeolites","volume":"69","author":"Boyd","year":"1947","journal-title":"II. Kinetics, J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"31","article-title":"Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution","volume":"89","author":"Weber","year":"1963","journal-title":"Kinet. Adsorpt. Carbon from Solut."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.12.008","article-title":"Graphite oxide\/chitosan composite for reactive dye removal","volume":"217","author":"Travlou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.02.068","article-title":"Fabrication of novel magnetic chitosan grafted with graphene oxide to enhance adsorption properties for methyl blue","volume":"215\u2013216","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7634","DOI":"10.1021\/la700423j","article-title":"Chitosan derivatives as biosorbents for basic dyes","volume":"23","author":"Lazaridis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Council of the European Union (1998). Council Directive 98\/83\/EC of 3 November 1998 on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption. Off. J. Eur. Communities, 330, 32\u201354."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"3676","article-title":"Decree-Law No. 236\/98 of the Portuguese Ministry of the Environment of 1 August Establishing Water Quality Standards","volume":"176","author":"Environment","year":"1998","journal-title":"Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica I S\u00e9rie"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flatc.2018.11.002","article-title":"2D and 3D carbon-based adsorbents for an efficient removal of HgII ions: A review","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"FlatChem"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2018.02.010","article-title":"Review on synthesis of 3D graphene-based configurations and their adsorption performance for hazardous water pollutants","volume":"116","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.A0820524","article-title":"Critical review in adsorption kinetic models","volume":"10","author":"Qiu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2010.07.059","article-title":"Piecewise linear regression: A statistical method for the analysis of experimental adsorption data by the intraparticle-diffusion models","volume":"163","author":"Malash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5866(99)00073-8","article-title":"Sorption kinetics for the removal of copper and zinc from effluents using bone char","volume":"19","author":"Cheung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha, L.S., Lopes, C.B., Borges, J.A., Duarte, A.C., and Pereira, E. (2013). Valuation of unmodified rice husk waste as an eco-friendly sorbent to remove mercury: A study using environmental realistic concentrations. Water. Air. Soil Pollut., 224.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-013-1599-9"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.08.070","article-title":"Review on recent progress in chitosan-based hydrogels for wastewater treatment application","volume":"201","author":"Peighambardoust","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-015-0931-2","article-title":"Preparation of Graphene Oxide-Based Hydrogels as Efficient Dye Adsorbents for Wastewater Treatment","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9172","DOI":"10.1021\/am402661t","article-title":"Preparation of Three-Dimensional Graphene Oxide\u2013Polyethylenimine Porous Materials as Dye and Gas Adsorbents","volume":"5","author":"Sui","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, J., Yin, Y., Liang, Q., Zhu, Z., and Luo, H. (2019). Polyethyleneimine Cross-Linked Graphene Oxide for Removing Hazardous Hexavalent Chromium: Adsorption Performance and Mechanism, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.10.141"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6350","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b17131","article-title":"Multifunctional binding chemistry on modified graphene composite for selective and highly efficient adsorption of mercury","volume":"11","author":"Yap","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Inter."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-7757(00)00678-6","article-title":"Characterization of metal ion interactions with chitosan by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","volume":"177","author":"Dambies","year":"2001","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34230","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b10021","article-title":"Efficient removal of heavy metals from polluted water with high selectivity for mercury (II) by 2-imino-4-thiobiuret partially reduced graphene oxide (IT-PRGO)","volume":"9","author":"Awad","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Inter."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2012.04.036","article-title":"Mercury chemistry on brominated activated carbon","volume":"99","author":"Sasmaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fuel"}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/8\/1474\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:52:13Z","timestamp":1760176333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/8\/1474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nano10081474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano10081474","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]}}}