{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T01:57:26Z","timestamp":1776650246590,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BII-BTI\/30219\/2017 - POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030219; PTDC\/ASP-PES\/28397\/2017 - POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028397; POCI-01-0247-FEDER-035234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BII-BTI\/30219\/2017 - POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030219; PTDC\/ASP-PES\/28397\/2017 - POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028397; POCI-01-0247-FEDER-035234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biofilms are structures comprising microorganisms associated to surfaces and enclosed by an extracellular polymeric matrix produced by the colonizer cells. These structures protect microorganisms from adverse environmental conditions. Biofilms are typically associated with several negative impacts for health and industries and no effective strategy for their complete control\/eradication has been identified so far. The antimicrobial properties of copper are well recognized among the scientific community, which increased their interest for the use of these materials in different applications. In this review the use of different copper materials (copper, copper alloys, nanoparticles and copper-based coatings) in medical settings, industrial equipment and plumbing systems will be discussed considering their potential to prevent and control biofilm formation. Particular attention is given to the mode of action of copper materials. The putative impact of copper materials in the health and\/or products quality is reviewed taking into account their main use and the possible effects on the spread of antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10122491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T20:56:57Z","timestamp":1607893017000},"page":"2491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Copper Surfaces in Biofilm Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0731-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas B.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3355-4398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4893-1985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00facia C.","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2008.04.001","article-title":"Bacterial adhesion and biofilms on surfaces","volume":"18","author":"Garrett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2017.1380601","article-title":"Standardized reactors for the study of medical biofilms: A review of the principles and latest modifications","volume":"38","author":"Gomes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2011.0502","article-title":"Biofouling: Lessons from nature","volume":"370","author":"Bixler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115576","article-title":"Biofouling and me: My Stockholm syndrome with biofilms","volume":"173","author":"Flemming","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"94","article-title":"Biofilm growth and control in cooling water industrial systems","volume":"94","author":"Congestri","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"189","article-title":"Latest research progress of marine microbiological corrosion and bio-fouling, and new approaches of marine anti-corrosion and anti-fouling","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2008.07.008","article-title":"Effect of biofilm on cast iron pipe corrosion in drinking water distribution system: Corrosion scales characterization and microbial community structure investigation","volume":"50","author":"Teng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-5283-1","article-title":"Microbial deterioration of cultural heritage and works of art\u2014Tilting at windmills?","volume":"97","author":"Sterflinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2020.100026","article-title":"Potential biofilm control strategies for extended spaceflight missions","volume":"2","author":"Zea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biofilm"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/08927010500389921","article-title":"Corrosion of aluminum alloy 2024 by microorganisms isolated from aircraft fuel tanks","volume":"21","author":"McNamara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.9b03926","article-title":"Silicone-based fouling-release coatings for marine antifouling","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2012.707371","article-title":"Impact of biofouling in intake pipes on the hydraulics and efficiency of pumping capacity","volume":"51","author":"Polman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fratamico, P.M., Annous, B.A., and Gunther, N.W. (2009). Biofilm formation by food spoilage microorganisms in food processing environments. Biofilms in the Food and Beverage Industries, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845697167"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2013.07.002","article-title":"Biofilm\u2014An unrecognised source of spoilage enzymes in dairy products?","volume":"34","author":"Teh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2013.798865","article-title":"Mini-review: Microbial problems in paper production","volume":"29","author":"Flemming","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1039\/C2RA22243D","article-title":"Biofilms in drinking water: Problems and solutions","volume":"3","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2011.03192.x","article-title":"Effect of biofilm in irrigation pipes on microbial quality of irrigation water","volume":"54","author":"Pachepsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes2040804","article-title":"Biofouling of water treatment membranes: A review of the underlying causes, monitoring techniques and control measures","volume":"2","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-019-00731-7","article-title":"Impact of air-conditioning system disinfection on microbial contamination of passenger cars","volume":"12","year":"2019","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12030","article-title":"Virulence mechanisms of bacterial aquaculture pathogens and antivirulence therapy for aquaculture","volume":"6","author":"Defoirdt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e01067","article-title":"Bacterial biofilm formation on implantable devices and approaches to its treatment and prevention","volume":"4","author":"Khatoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-018-0062-5","article-title":"Towards standardized mechanical characterization of microbial biofilms: Analysis and critical review","volume":"4","author":"Boudarel","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.12.010","article-title":"Ultrasound-involved emerging strategies for controlling foodborne microbial biofilms","volume":"96","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13471","article-title":"Ultrasound-mediated therapies for the treatment of biofilms in chronic wounds: A review of present knowledge","volume":"13","author":"LuTheryn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balaure, P.C., and Grumezescu, A.M. (2020). Recent advances in surface nanoengineering for biofilm prevention and control. Part II: Active, combined active and passive, and smart bacteria-responsive antibiofilm nanocoatings. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10081527"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balaure, P.C., and Grumezescu, A.M. (2020). Recent advances in surface nanoengineering for biofilm prevention and control. Part I: Molecular basis of biofilm recalcitrance. Passive anti-biofouling nanocoatings. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10061230"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"018902","DOI":"10.1116\/1.4935853","article-title":"Physicochemical properties of copper important for its antibacterial activity and development of a unified model","volume":"11","author":"Hans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biointerphases"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03608-12","article-title":"Contact killing of bacteria on copper is suppressed if bacterial-metal contact is prevented and is induced on iron by copper ions","volume":"79","author":"Mathews","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01599-10","article-title":"Bacterial killing by dry metallic copper surfaces","volume":"77","author":"Santo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13681","article-title":"Contact killing and antimicrobial properties of copper","volume":"124","author":"Vincent","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-020-02357-x","article-title":"Anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm properties of green synthesized copper nanoparticles from Cardiospermum halicacabum leaf extract","volume":"43","author":"Punniyakotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioprocess. Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114485","article-title":"A subcellular level study of copper speciation reveals the synergistic mechanism of microbial cells and EPS involved in copper binding in bacterial biofilms","volume":"263","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2017.04.013","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antibiofilm effect of copper nanoparticles against aquaculture pathogens","volume":"10","author":"Chari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2013.01.085","article-title":"Biocidal effect of copper and zinc oxide nanoparticles on human oral microbiome and biofilm formation","volume":"97","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2019.1708334","article-title":"Influence of surface copper content on Stenotrophomonas maltophilia biofilm control using chlorine and mechanical stress","volume":"36","author":"Gomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.11.056","article-title":"Response of wastewater biofilm to CuO nanoparticle exposure in terms of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community structure","volume":"579","author":"Miao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32184","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA05880J","article-title":"The role of surface copper content on biofilm formation by drinking water bacteria","volume":"9","author":"Gomes","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9975","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19079975","article-title":"Susceptibility of opportunistic Burkholderia glumae to copper surfaces following wet or dry surface contact","volume":"19","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01357-06","article-title":"Intracellular copper does not catalyze the formation of oxidative DNA damage in Escherichia coli","volume":"189","author":"Macomber","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2011.02677.x","article-title":"Mechanism of copper surface toxicity in Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella involves immediate membrane depolarization followed by slower rate of DNA destruction which differs from that observed for Gram-positive bacteria","volume":"14","author":"Warnes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03861-15","article-title":"Lack of involvement of Fenton hemistry in death of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus and destruction of their genomes on wet or dry copper Alloy surfaces","volume":"82","author":"Warnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2018.01.004","article-title":"Efficient inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus by silver and copper loaded photocatalytic titanate nanotubes","volume":"28","author":"Joshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6049","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00597-11","article-title":"Mechanism of copper surface toxicity in vancomycin-resistant Enterococci following wet or dry surface contact","volume":"77","author":"Warnes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5925","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00318-08","article-title":"DNA fragmentation in microorganisms assessed in situ","volume":"74","author":"Gestal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40537","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-10043-4","article-title":"Green mitigation of microbial corrosion by copper nanoparticles doped carbon quantum dots nanohybrid","volume":"27","author":"Kalajahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015019","DOI":"10.1088\/2043-6254\/ab790f","article-title":"Antifungal applications for nano-additives synthesized with a bio-based approach","volume":"11","author":"Obidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11609","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-020-04853-7","article-title":"Biofilm eradication by in situ generation of reactive chlorine species on nano-CuO surfaces","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2016.1620","article-title":"Pure and oxidized copper materials as potential antimicrobial surfaces for spaceflight activities","volume":"17","author":"Hahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Astrobiology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2010.542809","article-title":"Economic impact of biofouling on a naval surface ship","volume":"27","author":"Schultz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s40735-018-0213-5","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-biofouling progresses in marine application","volume":"5","author":"Abioye","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bio-Tribo-Corros."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201900569","article-title":"Impact of environmental biofilms: Industrial components and its remediation","volume":"60","author":"Vishwakarma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2010.527000","article-title":"Antibacterial properties of nine pure metals: A laboratory study using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli","volume":"26","author":"Yasuyuki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2014.05.057","article-title":"The contribution of zinc ions to the antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide","volume":"457","author":"Pasquet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04670","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of aluminum in clay from the Colombian amazon","volume":"51","author":"Londono","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/08927018909378118","article-title":"Microbial film formation on metals in an enriched arctic river","volume":"1","author":"Ford","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765x.2001.00967.x","article-title":"Influence of copper-alloying of austenitic stainless steel on multi-species biofilm development","volume":"33","author":"Kielemoes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2016.03.026","article-title":"Antibacterial ability of a novel Cu-bearing 2205 duplex stainless steel against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in artificial seawater","volume":"110","author":"Lou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2016.11.020","article-title":"Effect of Cu addition to 2205 duplex stainless steel on the resistance against pitting corrosion by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2019.05.048","article-title":"Biofilm inhibition and corrosion resistance of 2205-Cu duplex stainless steel against acid producing bacterium Acetobacter aceti","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2020.01.039","article-title":"A novel Cu-bearing high-entropy alloy with significant antibacterial behavior against corrosive marine biofilms","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113086","article-title":"Surface coatings select their micro and macrofouling communities differently on steel","volume":"254","author":"Agostini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2019.1687689","article-title":"Copper oxide nanoparticles as an effective anti-biofilm agent against a copper tolerant marine bacterium, Staphylococcus lentus","volume":"35","author":"Padmavathi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flach, C.-F., Pal, C., Svensson, C.J., Kristiansson, E., \u00d6stman, M., Bengtsson-Palme, J., Tysklind, M., and Larsson, D.G.J. (2017). Does antifouling paint select for antibiotic resistance?. Sci. Total Environ., 461\u2013468.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.213"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-016-0403-0","article-title":"Inhibition of a sulfate reducing bacterium, Desulfovibrio marinisediminis GSR3, by biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Zarasvand","year":"2016","journal-title":"3 Biotech."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2006.12.014","article-title":"Preventing biofilm development on DGT devices using metals and antibiotics","volume":"72","author":"Pichette","year":"2007","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"7","article-title":"Regulating antifouling paints for leisure boats\u2014A patchwork of rules across three Baltic sea countries","volume":"1","author":"Kymenvaara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nordic Environ. Law J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116383","article-title":"Antifouling paints leach copper in excess\u2014Study of metal release rates and efficacy along a salinity gradient","volume":"186","author":"Ytreberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2020, December 05). Tukes Restrictions and Risk Management Measures for Using Antifouling Products and Products Designed for Handling Fishing Nets. Available online: https:\/\/tukes.fi\/en\/chemicals\/biocides\/safe-and-sustainable-use-of-biocides\/restrictions-for-using-antifouling-products."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2017.294","article-title":"Biofilm forming ability of Sphingomonas paucimobilis isolated from community drinking water systems on plumbing materials used in water distribution","volume":"15","author":"Gulati","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2004.06.024","article-title":"Microbiology, chemistry and biofilm development in a pilot drinking water distribution system with copper and plastic pipes","volume":"38","author":"Lehtola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.5.1585-1592.1994","article-title":"Influence of temperature and plumbing material selection on biofilm formation and growth of Legionella pneumophila in a model potable water system containing complex microbial flora","volume":"60","author":"Rogers","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125310","article-title":"Impact of substrate material and chlorine\/chloramine on the composition and function of a young biofilm microbial community as revealed by high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing","volume":"242","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12294","article-title":"Microbial diversities (16S and 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing) and environmental pathogens within drinking water biofilms grown on the common premise plumbing materials unplasticized polyvinylchloride and copper","volume":"88","author":"Buse","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2006.447","article-title":"Effect of temperature and pipe material on biofilm formation and survival of Escherichia coli in used drinking water pipes: A laboratory-based study","volume":"54","author":"Silhan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.04.005","article-title":"Preferential colonization and release of Legionella pneumophila from mature drinking water biofilms grown on copper versus unplasticized polyvinylchloride coupons","volume":"217","author":"Buse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-015-9835-y","article-title":"Influence of copper surfaces on biofilm formation by Legionella pneumophila in potable water","volume":"28","author":"Wilks","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109451","article-title":"Bacterial response mechanism during biofilm growth on different metal material substrates: EPS characteristics, oxidative stress and molecular regulatory network analysis","volume":"185","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01208","article-title":"Copper resistance mediates long-term survival of Cupriavidus metallidurans in wet contact with metallic copper","volume":"11","author":"Maertens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2017.04.015","article-title":"The development of the anti-biofouling coating agent using metal nanoparticles and analysis by Raman spectroscopy and FIB system","volume":"325","author":"Sano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110992","article-title":"Single step production of high-purity copper oxide-titanium dioxide nanocomposites and their effective antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against drug-resistant bacteria","volume":"113","author":"Baiga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.04.028","article-title":"The cooling tower water microbiota: Seasonal dynamics and co-occurrence of bacterial and protist phylotypes","volume":"159","author":"Tsao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"178","article-title":"Biocorrosion of mild steel and copper used in cooling tower water and its control","volume":"8","author":"Rajasekar","year":"2018","journal-title":"3 Biotech."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-012-0137-0","article-title":"Characterization and control of the microbial community affiliated with copper or aluminum heat exchangers of HVAC systems","volume":"65","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1080\/08927010903132183","article-title":"Antibacterial copper\u2013nickel bilayers and multilayer coatings by pulsed laser deposition on titanium","volume":"25","author":"Vishwakarma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vishwakarma, V., Theresa, J., and Tyagi, A.K. (2011, January 28\u201330). Comparative study of surface modification of titanium to improve antimicrobial properties in condenser material. Proceedings of the International Conference on Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology (ICONSET 2011), Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICONSET.2011.6167888"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2018.04.019","article-title":"Development of hydrophobic cupronickel surface with biofouling resistance by sandblasting","volume":"345","author":"Vanithakumari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.2166\/wrd.2015.001","article-title":"Study of copper-charged membranes for control of fouling due to bacteria and algae organic matter","volume":"5","author":"Asapu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Water Reuse Desalination"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2012.02.026","article-title":"Impact of feed spacer and membrane modification by hydrophilic, bactericidal and biocidal coating on biofouling control","volume":"295","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2017.07.044","article-title":"Reactive micromixing eliminates fouling and concentration polarization in reverse osmosis membranes","volume":"542","author":"Guha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2019.04.016","article-title":"Thin-film nanocomposite membranes incorporated with water stable metal-organic framework CuBTTri for mitigating biofouling","volume":"582","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c00151","article-title":"Metal\u2013organic framework polymer coating inhibits Staphylococcus aureus attachment on medical circulation tubing under static and dynamic flow conditions","volume":"3","author":"Zang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.21838","article-title":"Medical biofilms","volume":"100","author":"Bryers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21159","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b17815","article-title":"Antimicrobial copper-based materials and coatings: Potential multifaceted biomedical applications","volume":"12","author":"Mitra","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-011-9923-3","article-title":"Antimicrobial efficacy of surface-coated external fixation pins","volume":"62","author":"Furkert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045009","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/10\/4\/045009","article-title":"Effect of surface treatments on the surface morphology, corrosion property, and antibacterial property of Ti\u201310Cu sintered alloy","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.07.050","article-title":"Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm by a copper-bearing 317L-Cu stainless steel and its corrosion resistance","volume":"69","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1139\/m93-134","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of multilayer silver\u2013copper surface films on catheter material","volume":"39","author":"McLean","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mauerer, A., Stenglein, S., Schulz-Drost, S., Sch\u00f6rner, C., Taylor, D., Krinner, S., Heidenau, F., Adler, W., and Forst, R. (2017). Antibacterial effect of a 4x Cu-TiO2 coating simulating acute periprosthetic infection\u2014An animal model. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22071042"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-4713-7","article-title":"Antibacterial and biocompatible titanium-copper oxide coating may be a potential strategy to reduce periprosthetic infection: An in vitro study","volume":"475","author":"Norambuena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.7.2598-2602.1996","article-title":"A Novel strategy for control of microbial biofilms through generation of biocide at the biofilm-surface interface","volume":"62","author":"Wood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.11.015","article-title":"Spirulina platensis sustainable lipid extracts in alginate-based nanocarriers: An algal approach against biofilms","volume":"37","author":"Boutin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.11.2.03","article-title":"Anti-microbial effects of conductive copper nanoparticle film","volume":"11","author":"Parrott","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahire, J.J., Hattingh, M., Neveling, D.P., and Dicks, L.M.T. (2016). Copper-containing anti-biofilm nanofiber scaffolds as a wound dressing material. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152755"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"301","article-title":"Copper oxide impregnated wound dressing: Biocidal and safety studies","volume":"22","author":"Borkow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.05.034","article-title":"Gene expression is influenced due to \u2018nano\u2019 and \u2018ionic\u2019 copper in pre-formed Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms","volume":"175","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15128","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b04494","article-title":"Outstanding antibiofilm features of Quanta-CuO film on glass surface","volume":"8","author":"Tripathy","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2015.1048686","article-title":"One pot synthesis and anti-biofilm potential of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) against clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"31","author":"LewisOscar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.05.005","article-title":"Biogenic phytochemicals (cassinopin and isoquercetin) capped copper nanoparticles (ISQ\/CAS@CuNPs) inhibits MRSA biofilms","volume":"132","author":"Lotha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S399","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1496923","article-title":"Antiplanktonic, antibiofilm, antiswarming motility and antiquorum sensing activities of green synthesized Ag\u2013TiO2, TiO2\u2013Ag, Ag\u2013Cu and Cu\u2013Ag nanocomposites against multi-drug-resistant bacteria","volume":"46","author":"Alavi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A.V., Baylan, S., Park, B.-W., Richter, G., and Sitti, M. (2017). Hydrophobic pinning with copper nanowhiskers leads to bactericidal properties. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175428"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2018.01.011","article-title":"Evaluation of biofilm formation on novel copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC)-based resins for dental restoratives","volume":"34","author":"Zajdowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01886-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01886-19","article-title":"Self-disinfecting copper beds sustain terminal cleaning and disinfection effects throughout patient care","volume":"86","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1086\/670207","article-title":"Copper surfaces reduce the rate of healthcare-acquired infections in the intensive care unit","volume":"34","author":"Salgado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burke, G.H., and Butler, J.P. (2018). Analysis of the role of copper impregnated composite hard surfaces, bed linens and patient gowns in reducing healthcare-associated infection rates. Int. J. Infect. Control, 14.","DOI":"10.3396\/IJIC.v14i1.005.18"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa238","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa238","article-title":"Effectiveness of copper-impregnated solid surfaces on lowering microbial bio-burden levels in an acute care hospital","volume":"7","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.01.012","article-title":"Self-sanitizing copper-impregnated surfaces for bioburden reduction in patient rooms","volume":"45","author":"Coppin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monk, A.B., Kanmukhla, V., Trinder, K., and Borkow, G. (2014). Potent bactericidal efficacy of copper oxide impregnated non-porous solid surfaces. BMC Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-57"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colin, M., Klingelschmitt, F., Charpentier, E., Josse, J., Kanagaratnam, L., De Champs, C., and Gangloff, S.C. (2018). Copper alloy touch surfaces in healthcare facilities: An effective solution to prevent bacterial spreading. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11122479"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villap\u00fan, V.M., Dover, L.G., Cross, A., and Gonz\u00e1lez, S. (2016). Antibacterial metallic touch surfaces. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9090736"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.11.022","article-title":"Reduction of health care\u2013associated infection indicators by copper oxide\u2013impregnated textiles: Crossover, double-blind controlled study in chronic ventilator-dependent patients","volume":"45","author":"Marcus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17430","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.17430","article-title":"Evaluating the effect of copper nanoparticles in inhibiting Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation","volume":"8","author":"Ghasemian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108385","article-title":"The ability of Listeria monocytogenes to form biofilm on surfaces relevant to the mushroom production environment","volume":"317","author":"Dygico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/08927019909378397","article-title":"Deteriogenic biofilms on buildings and their control: A review","volume":"14","author":"Gaylarde","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.04.039","article-title":"Design of a spaceflight biofilm experiment","volume":"148","author":"Zea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02766-10","article-title":"Metallic copper as an antimicrobial surface","volume":"77","author":"Grass","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.06.006","article-title":"Selection of resistance by antimicrobial coatings in the healthcare setting","volume":"106","author":"Pietsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt479","article-title":"Co-transfer of resistance to high concentrations of copper and first-line antibiotics among Enterococcus from different origins (humans, animals, the environment and foods) and clonal lineages","volume":"69","author":"Silveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138160","article-title":"Enhanced formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection byproducts from biofilm extracellular polymeric substances undercatalysis of copper corrosion products","volume":"723","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115951","article-title":"Corroding copper and steel exposed to intermittently flowing tap water promote biofilm formation and growth of Legionella pneumophila","volume":"183","author":"Veenendaal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1994.tb06226.x","article-title":"The pitting corrosion of copper","volume":"86","author":"Edwards","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Work. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.06.011","article-title":"A limited legacy effect of copper in marine biofilms","volume":"109","author":"McElroy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.02.103","article-title":"Comparative contributions of copper nanoparticles and ions to copper bioaccumulation and toxicity in barnacle larvae","volume":"249","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.05.082","article-title":"Aggregation and removal of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles in wastewater environment and their effects on the microbial activities of wastewater biofilms","volume":"216","author":"Miao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121353","article-title":"Chronic exposure to CuO nanoparticles induced community structure shift and a delay inhibition of microbial functions in multi-species biofilms","volume":"262","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.354","article-title":"Low concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles alter microbial community structure and function of sediment biofilms","volume":"653","author":"Miao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-019-00317-3","article-title":"ZnO and CuO nanoparticles: A threat to soil organisms, plants, and human health","volume":"42","author":"Rajput","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2012.08.026","article-title":"Evaluation of topically applied copper(II) oxide nanoparticle cytotoxicity in human skin organ culture","volume":"27","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01986-y","article-title":"Nanometals in Dentistry: Applications and toxicological implications\u2014A systematic review","volume":"197","author":"Agnihotri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Element Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2008.10.008","article-title":"Review of health safety aspects of nanotechnologies in food production","volume":"53","author":"Bouwmeester","year":"2009","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/12\/2491\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:44:01Z","timestamp":1760179441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/12\/2491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"references-count":139,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nano10122491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano10122491","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]}}}