{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T03:49:56Z","timestamp":1772336996181,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Pest-C\/QUI\/UIDB\/00081\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Pest-C\/QUI\/UIDB\/00081\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IUDB\/05748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUDB\/05748\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011202","name":"FP7 Research for the Benefit of SMEs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["606570-FP7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["606570-FP7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011202","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the present study was to investigate the eco-cytotoxicity of several forms of nanomaterials (NM), such as nano-CuO, nano-TiO2, nano-SiO2 and nano-ZnO, on different aquatic species (Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna and Lemna minor) following standard protocols and on human cell lines (Caco-2, SV-80, HepG2 and HaCaT). Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC) or hazard concentrations for 5% of the species (HC5) were also estimated based on the compilation of data available in the literature. Most of the NM agglomerated strongly in the selected culture media. For the ecotoxicity assays, nano-CuO and nano-ZnO even in particle agglomeration state were the most toxic NM to the freshwater organisms compared to nano-TiO2 and nano-SiO2. Nano-ZnO was the most toxic NM to R. subcapitata and D. magna, while nano-CuO was found to be very toxic to L. minor. Nano-CuO was very toxic to Caco-2 and HepG2 cells, particularly at the highest tested concentrations, while the other NM showed no toxicity to the different cell lines. The HC5 and PNEC values are still highly protective, due to data limitations. However, the present study provides consistent evidence of the potential risks of both nano-CuO and nano-ZnO against aquatic organisms and also their effects on public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11010066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T09:35:23Z","timestamp":1609320923000},"page":"66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Ecotoxicity to Freshwater Organisms and Cytotoxicity of Nanomaterials: Are We Generating Sufficient Data for Their Risk Assessment?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Andreani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica da Universidade do Porto, CIQUP &amp; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"GreenUPorto\u2014Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre &amp; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Gavina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto\u2014Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre &amp; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6207-9469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saul","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto\u2014Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre &amp; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Lu\u00eds","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico do Cal\u00e7ado de Portugal, Rua de Fund\u00f5es\u2014Devesa Velha, 3700-121 S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Madeira, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vera V.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico do Cal\u00e7ado de Portugal, Rua de Fund\u00f5es\u2014Devesa Velha, 3700-121 S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Madeira, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico do Cal\u00e7ado de Portugal, Rua de Fund\u00f5es\u2014Devesa Velha, 3700-121 S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Madeira, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8392-9581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica da Universidade do Porto, CIQUP &amp; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6857-5968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto\u2014Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre &amp; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2013.04.001","article-title":"Nanotechnology innovations for the construction industry","volume":"58","author":"Hanus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. 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