{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:33:30Z","timestamp":1777394010615,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation (South Africa)","award":["Renewable and Sustainable Energy Doctoral Scholarships"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Renewable and Sustainable Energy Doctoral Scholarships"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","award":["PTDC\/NAN-MAT\/29989\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/NAN-MAT\/29989\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The superiority of nanofluid over conventional working fluid has been well researched and proven. Newest on the horizon is the hybrid nanofluid currently being examined due to its improved thermal properties. This paper examined the viscosity and electrical conductivity of deionized water (DIW)-based multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-Fe2O3 (20:80) nanofluids at temperatures and volume concentrations ranging from 15 \u00b0C to 55 \u00b0C and 0.1\u20131.5%, respectively. The morphology of the suspended hybrid nanofluids was characterized using a transmission electron microscope, and the stability was monitored using visual inspection, UV\u2013visible, and viscosity-checking techniques. With the aid of a viscometer and electrical conductivity meter, the viscosity and electrical conductivity of the hybrid nanofluids were determined, respectively. The MWCNT-Fe2O3\/DIW nanofluids were found to be stable and well suspended. Both the electrical conductivity and viscosity of the hybrid nanofluids were augmented with respect to increasing volume concentration. In contrast, the temperature rise was noticed to diminish the viscosity of the nanofluids, but it enhanced electrical conductivity. Maximum increments of 35.7% and 1676.4% were obtained for the viscosity and electrical conductivity of the hybrid nanofluids, respectively, when compared with the base fluid. The obtained results were observed to agree with previous studies in the literature. After fitting the obtained experimental data, high accuracy was achieved with the formulated correlations for estimating the electrical conductivity and viscosity. The examined hybrid nanofluid was noticed to possess a lesser viscosity in comparison with the mono-particle nanofluid of Fe2O3\/water, which was good for engineering applications as the pumping power would be reduced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11010136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T21:21:45Z","timestamp":1610313705000},"page":"136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Experimental Investigation on Stability, Viscosity, and Electrical Conductivity of Water-Based Hybrid Nanofluid of MWCNT-Fe2O3"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6331-2288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomon O.","family":"Giwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ibogun 112104, Nigeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1302-1954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Sharifpur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Culture, Tehran 1461968151, Iran"}]},{"given":"Mohammad H.","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood 3619995161, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6774-116X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. M.","family":"Sohel Murshed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research (IN+), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3675-5494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josua P.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2963\/jjtp.7.227","article-title":"Alteration of thermal conductivity and viscosity of liquid by dispersing ultra-fine particles","volume":"7","author":"Masuda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Netsu. 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