{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T15:42:58Z","timestamp":1768837378794,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011733","name":"Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011733","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-033399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-033399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/ MED-QUI\/29800\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ MED-QUI\/29800\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the major therapeutic approaches of prostate cancer (PC) is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), but patients develop resistance within 2\u20133 years, making the development of new therapeutic approaches of great importance. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized through green approaches have been studied as anticancer agents because of their physical-chemical properties. This study explored the cytotoxic capacity of starch-capped AgNPs, synthesized through green methods, in LNCaP and in PC-3 cells, a hormonal-sensitive and hormone-resistant PC cell line, respectively. These AgNPs were synthesized in a microwave pressurized synthesizer and characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Their cytotoxicity was assessed regarding their ability to alter morphological aspect (optical microscopy), induce damage in cytoplasmic membrane (Trypan Blue Assay), mitochondria (WST-1 assay), cellular proliferation (BrdU assay), and cell cycle (Propidium iodide and flow-cytometry). AgNPs showed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of approximately 408 nm and average size of 3 nm. The starch-capped AgNPs successfully induced damage in cytoplasmic membrane and mitochondria, at concentrations equal and above 20 ppm. These damages lead to cell cycle arrest in G0\/G1 and G2\/M, blockage of proliferation and death in LNCaP and PC-3 cells, respectively. This data shows these AgNPs\u2019 potential as anticancer agents for the different stages of PC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T04:10:48Z","timestamp":1611115848000},"page":"256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Starch-Capped AgNPs\u2019 as Potential Cytotoxic Agents against Prostate Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Morais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB2, E Bdg 1st floor, Rua Dr Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Department, LPCC-Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), Estrada Interior da Circunvala\u00e7\u00e3o 6657, 4200-172 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8853-6106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB2, E Bdg 1st floor, Rua Dr Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4993-4467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB2, E Bdg 1st floor, Rua Dr Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Palmeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB2, E Bdg 1st floor, Rua Dr Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University (UFP), Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB2, E Bdg 1st floor, Rua Dr Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Magda","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9222-2556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina S. M.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7489-2211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Lu\u00edsa","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB2, E Bdg 1st floor, Rua Dr Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6961-345X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A. V.","family":"Prior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3010-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB2, E Bdg 1st floor, Rua Dr Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Department, LPCC-Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), Estrada Interior da Circunvala\u00e7\u00e3o 6657, 4200-172 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University (UFP), Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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