{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T01:49:24Z","timestamp":1774316964587,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/ NAN-MAT\/30513\/2017; UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ NAN-MAT\/30513\/2017; UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002924","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-030513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-030513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drought is a limiting factor for agricultural productivity. Climate change threatens to expand the areas of the globe subjected to drought, as well as to increase the severity and duration of water shortage. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are widely studied and applied as biostimulants to increase plant production and to enhance tolerance to abiotic and biotic constraints. Besides PGPB, studies on the potential of nanoparticles to be used as biostimulants are also thriving. However, many studies report toxicity of tested nanoparticles in bacteria and plants in laboratory conditions, but few studies have reported effects of nanoparticles towards bacterial cells and communities in the soil. The combined application of nanoparticles and PGPB as biostimulant formulations are poorly explored and it is important to unravel the potentialities of their combined application as a way to potentiate food production. In this study, Rhizobium sp. E20-8 and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were applied on container-grown maize seedlings in watered and drought conditions. Bacterial survival, seedling growth (dry weight), and biochemical endpoints (photosynthetic pigments, soluble and insoluble carbohydrates, proline, lipid peroxidation, protein, electron transport system, and superoxide dismutase) were evaluated. Results showed that the simultaneous exposure to GO and Rhizobium sp. E20-8 was able to alleviate the stress induced by drought on maize seedlings through osmotic and antioxidant protection by GO and mitigation of GO effects on the plant\u2019s biochemistry by Rhizobium sp. E20-8. These results constitute a new lead on the development of biostimulant formulations to improve plant performance and increase food production in water-limited conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11030771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T22:19:36Z","timestamp":1616105976000},"page":"771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["A Multifactorial Approach to Untangle Graphene Oxide (GO) Nanosheets Effects on Plants: Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria Inoculation, Bacterial Survival, and Drought"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tiago","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8996-3038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology &amp; CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology &amp; CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7498-452X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula A. A. P.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanics &amp; TEMA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6763-2665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Etelvina","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology &amp; CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, December 09). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014\u2014Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects: Working Group II Contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. 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