{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T01:10:49Z","timestamp":1773018649566,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University","award":["Research Scholarship n\u00ba 3114\/8\/Fin.\/Sch.\/\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Scholarship n\u00ba 3114\/8\/Fin.\/Sch.\/\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["Scientific Employment Stimulus - Institutional Call (CEECINST\/00102\/2018)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Scientific Employment Stimulus - Institutional Call (CEECINST\/00102\/2018)"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020 and UIDP\/50006\/2020 of  Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry\u2014LAQV"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020 and UIDP\/50006\/2020 of  Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry\u2014LAQV"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel beads adsorbent, consisting of calcium alginate entrapped on magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with methionine (MFMNABs), was developed for effective elimination of arsenic from water. The material was characterized by FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopic), XRD (X-ray Diffraction) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy). The arsenic removal capacity of the material was studied by altering variables such as pH of the solution, contact time, adsorbent dose and adsorbate concentration. The maximal removal of As(III) was 99.56% under optimal conditions with an equilibrium time of 110 min and pH 7.0\u20137.5. The adsorption followed a second order kinetics and data best fitted the Langmuir isotherm with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.9890 and adsorption capacity (qm) of 6.6533 mg\/g. The thermodynamic study showed entropy change (\u2206S) and enthalpy change (\u2206H) to be 34.32 J mol\u22121 K and 5.25 kJ mol\u22121, respectively. This study proved that it was feasible to treat an As(III) solution with MFMNABs. The synthesized adsorbent was cost-effective, environmentally friendly and versatile, compared to other adsorbents. The adsorption study was carried by low cost spectrophotometric method using N- bromosuccinimide and rhodamine-B developed in our laboratory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11051345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T06:13:45Z","timestamp":1621491225000},"page":"1345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Calcium Alginate Beads with Entrapped Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles Functionalized with Methionine\u2014A Versatile Adsorbent for Arsenic Removal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Surbhi","family":"Lilhare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Govt. V. Y. T. PG Autonomous College, Durg, Chhattisgarh 491001, India"}]},{"given":"Sunitha B.","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Govt. V. Y. T. PG Autonomous College, Durg, Chhattisgarh 491001, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8180-7292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajaya K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Govt. V. Y. T. PG Autonomous College, Durg, Chhattisgarh 491001, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9913-4671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia A. C.","family":"Carabineiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2015.11.014","article-title":"Morphology engineering of V2O5\/TiO2 nanocomposites with enhanced visible light-driven photofunctions for arsenic removal","volume":"184","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-019-1059-9","article-title":"Adsorption isotherm and thermodynamic studies of As(III) removal from aqueous solutions using used cigarette filter ash","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"4987","article-title":"Analysis of arsenic from water by spectrophotometric method","volume":"5","author":"Tien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, G., Wang, Y., Li, G., Wang, S., Zhang, H., and Li, B. (2011, January 19\u201320). New System for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Arsenic in Water. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Distributed Control and Intelligent Environmental Monitoring (CDCIEM), Changsha, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CDCIEM.2011.199"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.10.108","article-title":"Arsenic and fluoride removal from groundwater by electrocoagulation using a continuous filter-press reactor","volume":"144","author":"Guzman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7943","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1704_79437955","article-title":"Study on the analytical method of inorganic arsenic species in environmental samples","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-465","article-title":"Time to revisit arsenic regulations: Comparing drinking water and rice","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2016.03.003","article-title":"Kinetic determination of trace amount of mercury(II) in environmental samples","volume":"128","author":"Pandey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1725","article-title":"Cloud point extraction and spectrophotometry in the determination of As (III) using amaranth in water samples of rivers located in industrial and non-industrial areas","volume":"107","author":"Nekouei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.02.037","article-title":"Arsenic in the environment: Biology and Chemistry","volume":"379","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"WHO (2011). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, World Health Organization. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.02.012","article-title":"Oxidation and removal of arsenic (III) from aerated groundwater by filtration through sand and zero-valent iron","volume":"39","author":"Leupin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4916","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(02)00203-8","article-title":"Role of iron in controlling speciation and mobilization of arsenic in subsurface environment","volume":"36","author":"Bose","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1021\/es061160z","article-title":"Arsenate and arsenite adsorption and desorption behavior on coprecipitated aluminum: Iron hydroxides","volume":"41","author":"Masue","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.04.019","article-title":"Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of adsorption of arsenic onto granular ferric hydroxide (GFH)","volume":"42","author":"Banerjee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2004.12.032","article-title":"Breakthrough behavior of granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) fixed-bed adsorption filters: Modeling and experimental approaches","volume":"39","author":"Sperlich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.07.028","article-title":"Removal of toxic ions (chromate, arsenate, and perchlorate) using reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and ultrafiltration membranes","volume":"77","author":"Yoon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"146","article-title":"Evaluation of the mixed oxides produced from hydrotalcite-like compound\u2019s thermal treatment in arsenic uptake","volume":"121","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.10.009","article-title":"Arsenic contamination, consequences and remediation techniques: A review","volume":"112","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2166\/wqrj.1997.032","article-title":"Manganese greensand for removal of arsenic in drinking water","volume":"32","author":"Subramanian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Qual. Res. J. Can."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1021\/cm0218007","article-title":"Adsorption behavior of arsenate at transition metal cations captured by amino-functionalized mesoporous silicas","volume":"15","author":"Yoshitake","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(02)00020-1","article-title":"Adsorption and removal of arsenic(V) from drinking water by aluminum-loaded Shirasuzeolite","volume":"92","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S1385-8947(00)00201-1","article-title":"Sorption on natural solids for arsenic removal","volume":"81","author":"Mattusch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1039\/b006636m","article-title":"Application of natural zeolites for preconcentration of arsenic species in water samples","volume":"3","author":"Mattusch","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S1387-1811(01)00308-0","article-title":"Uptake of arsenite and arsenate by clinoptiloterich tuffs","volume":"46","author":"Mattusch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Micropor. Mesopor. Mat."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2008.07.004","article-title":"Adsorption equilibrium of copper ion and phenol by powdered activated carbon, alginate bead and alginate-activated carbon bead","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.12.114","article-title":"Removal of Copper(II) from aqueous solution by carbon nanotube\/calcium alginate composites","volume":"177","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2011.02.034","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and dye adsorption properties of biocompatible composite (alginate\/titania nanoparticle)","volume":"275","author":"Mahmoodi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.09.024","article-title":"Removal of organic dyes by magnetic alginate beads","volume":"25","author":"Rocher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2009.08.028","article-title":"Activated carbon\/CoFe2O4 composites: Facile synthesis, magnetic performance and their potential application for the removal of malachite green from water","volume":"156","author":"Ai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2009.11.008","article-title":"Preparation of chitosan\/magnetite composite beads and their application for removal of Pb (II) and Ni (II) from aqueous solution","volume":"30","author":"Tran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.03.051","article-title":"Adsorption of Hg (II) from aqueous solution by ethylenediamine-modified magnetic crosslinking chitosan microspheres","volume":"258","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s13726-014-0287-y","article-title":"Nanogel and super-paramagnetic nanocomposite of thiacalix[4]arene functionalized chitosan: Synthesis, characterization and heavy metal sorption","volume":"23","author":"Lakouraj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.04.078","article-title":"Characteristics of equilibrium, kinetics studies for adsorption of Hg(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II) ions by thiourea-modified magnetic chitosan microspheres","volume":"161","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.12.054","article-title":"Entrapment of iron nanoparticles in calcium alginate beads for groundwater remediation applications","volume":"166","author":"Bezbaruah","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.01.092","article-title":"Nanogel and superparamagnetic nanocomposite based on sodium alginate for sorption of heavy metal ions","volume":"106","author":"Lakouraj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.02.046","article-title":"\u03b2-Cyclodextrin conjugated magnetic, fluorescent silica core-shell nanoparticles for biomedical applications","volume":"95","author":"Badruddoza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.08.072","article-title":"Simultaneous removal of Co(II) and 1-Naphthol by core-shell styructured Fe3O4@cyclodextrin magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2012.02.018","article-title":"Synthesis of magnetic alginate beads based on maghemite nanoparticles for Pb(II) removal in aqueous solution","volume":"18","author":"Idris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-013-0082-5","article-title":"Removal of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) on chemically modified low-cost adsorbent: Batch and column operations","volume":"3","author":"Palas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-5373-mr-2015-0667","article-title":"Study of the Adsorption of Arsenic (III and V) by Magnetite Nanoparticles Synthetized via AACVD","volume":"19","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2016.03.024","article-title":"Glycine functionalized magnetic nanoparticle entrapped calcium alginate beads: A promising adsorbent for removal of Cu (II) ions","volume":"4","author":"Verma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.11.020","article-title":"Polyacrylonitrile\/polypyrrole core\/shell nanofiber mat for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution","volume":"244","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075856","DOI":"10.1080\/23311843.2015.1075856","article-title":"Adsorptive capacity of sawdust for the adsorption of MB dye and designing of two-stage batch adsorber","volume":"1","author":"Markandeya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogent Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2017.0081","article-title":"Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution using Psidium guajava leaves","volume":"62","author":"Shukla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"385","article-title":"Over the adsorption in solution","volume":"57","author":"Freundlich","year":"1906","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1021\/ja02242a004","article-title":"The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum","volume":"40","author":"Langmuir","year":"1916","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"217","article-title":"Kinetics of ammonia synthesis on promoted iron catalysts","volume":"12","author":"Temkin","year":"1940","journal-title":"Acta Physiochim. URRS"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2017.20891","article-title":"Thermodynamic, kinetic and isotherm studies of sulfate removal from aqueous solutions by graphene and graphite nanoparticles","volume":"80","author":"Naghizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2017.052","article-title":"Bentonite and montmorillonite nanoparticles effectiveness in removal of fluoride from water solutions","volume":"15","author":"Naghizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"127","article-title":"Montmorillonite nanoparticles in removal of textile dyes from aqueous solutions: Study of kinetics and thermodynamics","volume":"36","author":"Kamranifar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substances","volume":"24","author":"Lagergren","year":"1898","journal-title":"Kungl. Sven. Vetensk. Handl."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.12.042","article-title":"Biosorption of phenol and 2-chlorophenol by Funaliatrogii pellets","volume":"100","author":"Bayramoglu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.12.123","article-title":"Development of multifunctional chitosan beads for fluoride removal","volume":"167","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1980.03615995004400020013x","article-title":"Application of Elovich Equation to the. Kinetics of Phosphate Release and Sorption in Soils","volume":"44","author":"Chien","year":"1980","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"JCPDS Data Card (1988). International Center of Diffraction Data."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S1004-9541(08)60104-4","article-title":"Preparation and analysis of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles used as targeted-drug carriers","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1134\/S1070428020090237","article-title":"Methionine-Coated Fe3O4 Nanoparticles: An Efficient and Reusable Nanomagnetic Catalyst for the Synthesis of 5-Substituted 1H-Tetrazoles","volume":"56","author":"Karimian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Russ. J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2016.05.006","article-title":"Surface modified spinel cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for cationic dye removal: Kinetics and thermodynamics studies","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Water Process. Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12673","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cc15230k","article-title":"Graphene oxide: An efficient and reusable carbocatalyst for Aza-Michael addition of amines to activated alkenes","volume":"47","author":"Verma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.03.008","article-title":"Efficacy of ultra-low loading of amine functionalized graphene oxide into glycidol-terminated polyurethane for high-performance composite material","volume":"139","author":"Bera","year":"2019","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.5185\/amlett.2015.5612","article-title":"Solvent Free, Efficient, Industrially Viable, Fast Dispersion Process Based Amine Modified MWCNT Reinforced Epoxy Composites of Superior Mechanical Properties","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1","article-title":"Green Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles as a Probe for the Detection of Fe3+ Ions in Water","volume":"24","author":"Bindhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.360340810","article-title":"Ir and Raman spectra of L-aspartic acid and isotopic derivatives","volume":"34","author":"Navarrete","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-1280(94)80157-6","article-title":"Conformational effects on vibrational frequencies of cysteine and serine: An ab initio study","volume":"305","author":"Tarakeshwar","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct. Theochem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/AIR\/2016\/22742","article-title":"Effect of Biological Control Antagonists Adsorbed on Chitosan Immobilized Silica Nanocomposite on Ralstonia solanacearum and Growth of Tomato Seedlings","volume":"6","author":"Dennis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Res. (AIR)"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17103","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201303075","article-title":"An Iron impurity in multiwalled carbon nanotube complexes with chitosan that biomimics the heme-peroxidase function","volume":"19","author":"Gayathri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2005.08.025","article-title":"Infrared spectra and molar absorption coefficients of the 20 alpha amino acids in aqueous solutions in the spectral range from 1800 to 500 cm\u22121","volume":"64","author":"Wolpert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(00)00467-X","article-title":"Adsorption of arsenite and arsenate within activated alumina grains: Equilibrium and kinetics","volume":"35","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Wat. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"2710926","article-title":"Adsorption of Arsenate from Aqueous Solution onto Modified Vietnamese Bentonite","volume":"2019","author":"Linh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"89","article-title":"Adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by Leucaena leucocephala seed pod activated carbon: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies","volume":"26","author":"Yusuff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64946","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA10595E","article-title":"A greener approach for impressive removal of As(III)\/As(V) from an ultra-low concentration using a highly efficient chitosan thiomer as a new adsorbent","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2016.10.089","article-title":"Facile green synthesis of L-methionine capped magnetite nanoparticles for adsorption of pollutant Rhodamine B","volume":"224","author":"Belachew","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49755","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c14088","article-title":"Insight into the Mechanism of Arsenic(III\/V) Uptake on Mesoporous Zerovalent Iron\u2212Magnetite Nanocomposites: Adsorption and Microscopic Studies","volume":"12","author":"Zubair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s12154-016-0157-5","article-title":"The removal of mercury (II) from water by Ag supported on nanomesoporous silica","volume":"9","author":"Ganzagh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2009.09.038","article-title":"Structural effects on the interactions of benzene and naphthalene sulfonates with activated carbon cloth during adsorption from aqueous solutions","volume":"156","author":"Ayranci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2015.03.003","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of triarylmethane dye (Basic Red 9) from aqueous solution by sepiolite as effective and low-cost adsorbent","volume":"109","author":"Duman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.09.058","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of cationic surfactants from aqueous solutions onto high-area activated carbon cloth monitored by in situ UV spectroscopy","volume":"174","author":"Duman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.04.006","article-title":"Adsorption of arsenic by activated carbon, calcium alginate and their composite beads","volume":"68","author":"Hassan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465606","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/20\/46\/465606","article-title":"One-pot green synthesis of biocompatible arginine-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2015.02.040","article-title":"Determination of adsorptive properties of expanded vermiculite for the removal of C. I. Basic Red 9 from aqueous solution: Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic studies","volume":"210","author":"Duman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Micropor. Mesopor. Mat."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.191","article-title":"Agar\/\u03ba-carrageenan composite hydrogel adsorbent for the removal of Methylene Blue from water","volume":"160","author":"Duman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.18520\/cs\/v117\/i4\/649-661","article-title":"Adsorption of arsenic using low cost adsorbents: Guava leaf biomass, mango bark and bagasse","volume":"117","author":"Mohan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2010.513267","article-title":"Removal of arsenic from drinking water by ferric hydroxide microcapsule-loaded alginate beads in packed adsorption column","volume":"45","author":"Sarkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health A"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adsorption of arsenic (V) from aqueous solution using modified saxaul ash: Isotherm and thermodynamic study","volume":"87","author":"Rahdar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24527","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6768-0","article-title":"Alginate beads containing water treatment residuals for arsenic removal from water formation and adsorption studies","volume":"23","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"35","article-title":"Technical feasibility of using magnetic nanoparticles obtained from metallic wool for arsenite (As (III)) removal from aqueous solutions","volume":"4","author":"Alarcon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"2238","article-title":"Arsenic and chromium removal by mixed magnetite-maghemite nanoparticles and the effect of phosphate on removal","volume":"11","author":"Rahman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"9","article-title":"Use of iron oxide\/activated carbon magnetic composite for adsorptive removal of arsenic from water","volume":"1","author":"Joshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Eng."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.10.009","article-title":"A new hybrid (polymer\/inorganic) fibrous sorbent for arsenic removal from drinking water","volume":"67","author":"Vatutsina","year":"2007","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wri.2013.09.003","article-title":"Adsorption studies of arsenic(III) removal from water by zirconium polyacrylamide hybrid material (ZrPACM-43)","volume":"4","author":"Mandal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Ind."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.06.060","article-title":"Arsenic removal from real-life groundwater by adsorption on laterite soil","volume":"151","author":"Maji","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."}],"container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/11\/5\/1345\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:04:34Z","timestamp":1760162674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/11\/5\/1345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nano11051345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano11051345","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]}}}