{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T08:48:34Z","timestamp":1776761314561,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CESAM (UIDB\/50017\/2020+UIDP\/50017\/2020), to FCT\/MEC through national funds, and the co-funding by the FEDER (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-00763), within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020.","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020+UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020+UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National funds (OE), through FCT, in the scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57\/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57\/2017, of July 19.","award":["Vera L. Maria (Assistant Research contract)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Vera L. Maria (Assistant Research contract)"]}]},{"name":"Project UNRAvEL (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029035) financed by FEDER, through COMPETE2020 - POCI, and by national funds (OE), through FCT\/MCTES national funds (PIDDAC), the co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020.","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029035"]}]},{"name":"Project UNRAvEL (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029035).","award":["J. Santos (fellowship) and A. Barreto (research contract)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J. Santos (fellowship) and A. Barreto (research contract)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>From the start of the 21st century, nanoecotoxicological research has been growing in fast steps due to the need to evaluate the safety of the increasing use of engineered nanomaterials. Boron (B) and vanadium (V) nanoparticles (NPs) generated by anthropogenic activities are subsequently released in the environment; therefore, organisms can be continuously exposed to these NPs for short or long periods. However, the short and long-term effects of BNPs and VNPs on soil organisms are unknown. This work aimed to recognize and describe their potential toxicological effects on the model species Enchytraeus crypticus, assessing survival and reproduction, through a longer-term exposure (56 days (d)\u2014OECD test extension of 28 d), and avoidance behavior, through a short-term exposure (48 hours (h)). After 28 d, BNPs did not induce a significant effect on E. crypticus survival, whereas they decreased the organisms\u2019 reproduction at 500 mg\/kg. From 10 to 500 mg\/kg, VNPs decreased the E. crypticus survival and\/or reproduction. After 56 d, 100 to 500 mg\/kg BNPs and 50 to 500 mg\/kg VNPs, decreased the reproduction output of E. crypticus. The estimated Effect Concentrations (ECx) based on reproduction, for BNPs, were lower at 56 d compared with 28 d; for VNPs, an opposite pattern was found: ECx 28 d &lt; ECx 56 d. BNPs did not induce an avoidance behavior, but organisms avoided the soil contaminated with 10 mg VNPs\/kg. The tested NPs showed different E. crypticus apical effects at 28 d from the ones detected at 56 d, dependent on the type of NPs (B vs. V). In general, VNPs showed to be more toxic than BNPs. However, the effects of VNPs were alleviated during the time of exposure, contrarily to BNPs (which became more toxic with extended duration). The present study adds important information about NPs toxicity with ecological significance (at the population level). Including long-term effects, the obtained results contributes to the improvement of NPs risk assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11081937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T05:23:48Z","timestamp":1627449828000},"page":"1937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Environmental Hazards of Boron and Vanadium Nanoparticles in the Terrestrial Ecosystem\u2014A Case Study with Enchytraeus crypticus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1697-4788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Barreto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1685-031X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8137-3295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica J. B.","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0331-3489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera L.","family":"Maria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105646","article-title":"Transformation pathways and fate of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in distinct interactive environmental compartments: A review","volume":"138","author":"Abbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. 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