{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:26:57Z","timestamp":1777714017962,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05256\/2020 and UIDP\/05256\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05256\/2020 and UIDP\/05256\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project SeaJellyBone (PTDC\/BTM-650 MAT\/28123\/2017)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project SeaJellyBone (PTDC\/BTM-650 MAT\/28123\/2017)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PhD Grant Reference SFRH\/BD\/138244\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD Grant Reference SFRH\/BD\/138244\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most prone to injury in the human body. Due to its insufficient vascularization and low regenerative capacity, surgery is often required when it is ruptured. Most of the current tissue engineering (TE) strategies are based on scaffolds produced with fibers due to the natural ligament\u2019s fibrous structure. In the present work, composite filaments based on poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) reinforced with graphite nanoplatelets (PLA+EG) as received, chemically functionalized (PLA+f-EG), or functionalized and decorated with silver nanoparticles [PLA+((f-EG)+Ag)] were produced by melt mixing, ensuring good filler dispersion. These filaments were produced with diameters of 0.25 mm and 1.75 mm for textile-engineered and 3D-printed ligament scaffolds, respectively. The resulting composite filaments are thermally stable, and the incorporation of graphite increases the stiffness of the composites and decreases the electrical resistivity, as compared to PLA. None of the filaments suffered significant degradation after 27 days. The composite filaments were processed into 3D scaffolds with finely controlled dimensions and porosity by textile-engineered and additive fabrication techniques, demonstrating their potential for ligament TE applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11112796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T22:07:11Z","timestamp":1635113231000},"page":"2796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Poly(Lactic Acid)\/Graphite Nanoplatelet Nanocomposite Filaments for Ligament Scaffolds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1304-629X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magda","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s, Associate PT Government Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Polymer Engineering, Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Engineering, Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Engineering, Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Engineering, Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1590-6636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s, Associate PT Government Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0790-5801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Covas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Engineering, Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8741-4091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia M.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s, Associate PT Government Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3538-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria C.","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Engineering, Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/2\/3\/001","article-title":"Development of hybrid polymer scaffolds for potential applications in ligament and tendon tissue engineering","volume":"2","author":"Sahoo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomed. 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