{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T10:47:14Z","timestamp":1770461234983,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020 (LAQV\/REQUIMTE); UIDB\/00100\/2020 (CQE); UIDB\/50020\/2020 and UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM); DL 57\/2016 \u2013 Norma transit\u00f3ria REQUIMTE\/EEC2018\/14; FCT Investigator contract IF\/01080\/2015; Assistant Research contract CEECIND\/01371\/2017 (Embrace Pr"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020 (LAQV\/REQUIMTE); UIDB\/00100\/2020 (CQE); UIDB\/50020\/2020 and UIDP\/50020\/2020 (LSRE-LCM); DL 57\/2016 \u2013 Norma transit\u00f3ria REQUIMTE\/EEC2018\/14; FCT Investigator contract IF\/01080\/2015; Assistant Research contract CEECIND\/01371\/2017 (Embrace Pr"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>TiO2-containing photocatalysts, which combine TiO2 with carbon-based materials, are promising materials for wastewater treatment due to synergistic photodegradation and adsorption phenomena. In this work, TiO2\/AC composites were produced by the in situ immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles over activated carbon (AC) derived from spent coffee grains, using different TiO2\/AC proportions. The TiO2\/AC composites were tested as adsorbents (dark) and as photocatalysts in a combined adsorption+photocatalytic process (solar irradiation) for methylene blue (MB) removal from ultrapure water, and from a secondary effluent (SecEf) of an urban wastewater treatment plant. All the materials were characterized by XRD (X-ray powder diffraction), N2 adsorption\u2013desorption isotherms at \u2212196 \u00b0C, SEM (scanning electron microscopy), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance, FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), TPD (temperature programmed desorption), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and TGA (thermogravimetric analysis). The TiAC60 (60% C) composite presented the lowest band gap (1.84 eV), while, for TiAC29 (29% C), the value was close to that of bare TiO2 (3.18 vs. 3.17 eV). Regardless of the material, the solar irradiation improved the percentage of MB discolouration when compared to adsorption in dark conditions. In the case of simultaneous adsorption+photocatalytic assays performed in ultrapure water, TiAC29 presented the fastest MB removal. Nevertheless, both TiAC29 and TiAC60 led to excellent MB removal percentages (96.1\u201398.1%). UV-induced photoregeneration was a promising strategy to recover the adsorption capacity of the materials, especially for TiAC60 and AC (&gt;95%). When the assays were performed in SecEf, all the materials promoted discolouration percentages close to those obtained in ultrapure water. The bulk water parameters revealed that TiAC60 allowed the removal of a higher amount of MB, associated with the overall improvement of the SecEf quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11113016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T09:19:21Z","timestamp":1636535961000},"page":"3016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Solar Light-Induced Methylene Blue Removal over TiO2\/AC Composites and Photocatalytic Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Dalto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Ku\u017aniarska-Biernacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Quality and Treatment Laboratory, Urban Water Unit, Hydraulics and Environment Department, LNEC\u2014National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Av. Brasil 101, 1700-066 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ol\u00edvia Salom\u00e9 G. P.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5447-2471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Fernando R.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5705-366X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Quality and Treatment Laboratory, Urban Water Unit, Hydraulics and Environment Department, LNEC\u2014National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Av. Brasil 101, 1700-066 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana S.","family":"Mestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana P.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1753-8678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.12.114","article-title":"Agricultural based activated carbons for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions: A review","volume":"167","author":"Demirbas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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