{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:41:06Z","timestamp":1760236866304,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, multi-scale cementitious composites containing short carbon fibers (CFs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs)\/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were studied for their tensile stress sensing properties. CF-based composites were prepared by mixing 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 wt.% CFs (of cement) with water using magnetic stirring and Pluronic F-127 surfactant and adding the mixture to the cement paste. In multi-scale composites, CNFs\/MWCNTs (0.1 and 0.15 wt.% of cement) were dispersed in water using Pluronic F-127 and ultrasonication and CFs were then added before mixing with the cement paste. All composites showed a reversible change in the electrical resistivity with tensile loading; the electrical resistivity increased and decreased with the increase and decrease in the tensile load\/stress, respectively. Although CF-based composites showed the highest stress sensitivity among all specimens at 0.25% CF content, the fractional change in resistivity (FCR) did not show a linear correlation with the tensile load\/stress. On the contrary, multi-scale composites containing CNFs (0.15% CNFs with 0.75% CFs) and MWCNTs (0.1% MWCNTs with 0.5% CFs) showed good stress sensitivity, along with a linear correlation between FCR and tensile load\/stress. Stress sensitivities of 6.36 and 11.82%\/MPa were obtained for the best CNF and MWCNT-based multi-scale composite sensors, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12010074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T02:31:27Z","timestamp":1640745087000},"page":"74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Development of Multi-Scale Carbon Nanofiber and Nanotube-Based Cementitious Composites for Reliable Sensing of Tensile Stresses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3767-9005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shama","family":"Parveen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fashion and Textiles, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Vilela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Olinda","family":"Lagido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sohel","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fashion and Textiles, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3303-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Fangueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2006.1925","article-title":"Structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure","volume":"365","author":"Brownjohn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philos. 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