{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T22:47:29Z","timestamp":1769122049006,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]],"date-time":"2022-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["Base-UIDB\/50020\/2020 and Programmatic-UIDP\/50020\/2020 Funding of LSRE-LCM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Base-UIDB\/50020\/2020 and Programmatic-UIDP\/50020\/2020 Funding of LSRE-LCM"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["Base Funding\u2014UIDB\/00511\/2020 of the Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy\u2014LEPABE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Base Funding\u2014UIDB\/00511\/2020 of the Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy\u2014LEPABE"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["PTDC\/CTM-COM\/4844\/2020 (NanoCAT)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTM-COM\/4844\/2020 (NanoCAT)"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000054 (2SMART)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000054 (2SMART)"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2021.07149.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07149.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CEECIND\/01700\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01700\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CEECINST\/00049\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00049\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing incidence of implant-associated infections has prompted the development of effective strategies to prevent biofilm formation on these devices. In this work, pristine graphene nanoplatelet\/polydimethylsiloxane (GNP\/PDMS) surfaces containing different GNP loadings (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt%) were produced and evaluated on their ability to mitigate biofilm development. After GNP loading optimization, the most promising surface was tested against single- and dual-species biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibiofilm activity of GNP\/PDMS surfaces was determined by the quantification of total, viable, culturable, and viable but nonculturable (VBNC) cells, as well as by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results showed that 5 wt% GNP loading reduced the number of total (57%), viable (69%), culturable (55%), and VBNC cells (85%) of S. aureus biofilms compared to PDMS. A decrease of 25% in total cells and about 52% in viable, culturable, and VBNC cells was observed for P. aeruginosa biofilms. Dual-species biofilms demonstrated higher resistance to the antimicrobial activity of GNP surfaces, with lower biofilm cell reductions (of up to 29% when compared to single-species biofilms). Still, the effectiveness of these surfaces in suppressing single- and dual-species biofilm formation was confirmed by CLSM analysis, where a decrease in biofilm biovolume (83% for S. aureus biofilms and 42% for P. aeruginosa and dual-species biofilms) and thickness (on average 72%) was obtained. Overall, these results showed that pristine GNPs dispersed into the PDMS matrix were able to inhibit biofilm growth, being a starting point for the fabrication of novel surface coatings based on functionalized GNP\/PDMS composites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12030355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T20:34:40Z","timestamp":1642970080000},"page":"355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Performance of Graphene\/Polydimethylsiloxane Surfaces against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa Single- and Dual-Species Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Isabel M.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2061-4697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8992-1097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana C.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5447-2471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel F. R.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE\u2013LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2013Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9015-1237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ol\u00edvia S. G. P.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE\u2013LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2013Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5233-1037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe J.","family":"Mergulh\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2013.17.3.98","article-title":"Development of implantable medical devices: From an engineering perspective","volume":"17","author":"Joung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Neurourol. 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