{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T07:14:27Z","timestamp":1774422867449,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006111","name":"Ministry of Science Technology and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/32587\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/32587\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006111","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cellulose micro\/nanomaterials (CMNM), comprising cellulose microfibrils (CMF), nanofibrils (CNF), and nanocrystals (CNC), are being recognized as promising bio-nanomaterials due to their natural and renewable source, attractive properties, and potential for applications with industrial and economical value. Thus, it is crucial to investigate their potential toxicity before starting their production at a larger scale. The present study aimed at evaluating the cell internalization and in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of CMNM as compared to two multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), NM-401 and NM-402, in A549 cells. The exposure to all studied NM, with the exception of CNC, resulted in evident cellular uptake, as analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. However, none of the CMNM induced cytotoxic effects, in contrast to the cytotoxicity observed for the MWCNT. Furthermore, no genotoxicity was observed for CNF, CNC, and NM-402 (cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay), while CMF and NM-401 were able to significantly raise micronucleus frequency. Only NM-402 was able to induce ROS formation, although it did not induce micronuclei. Thus, it is unlikely that the observed CMF and NM-401 genotoxicity is mediated by oxidative DNA damage. More studies targeting other genotoxicity endpoints and cellular and molecular events are underway to allow for a more comprehensive safety assessment of these nanocelluloses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12091432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T21:39:45Z","timestamp":1650749985000},"page":"1432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Analysis of the In Vitro Toxicity of Nanocelluloses in Human Lung Cells as Compared to Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9377-4085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"ToxOmics\u2014Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Filipa","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAIZ\u2014Forest and Paper Research Institute, 3800-783 Eixo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6900-1592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge F. S.","family":"Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6799-2740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00eddia","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0637-2222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"ToxOmics\u2014Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"N\u00e1dia","family":"Vital","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"ToxOmics\u2014Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8498-5892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Bettencourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7871-6717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susete N.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT\/I3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT NOVA), NOVA University Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2825-149 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rafaela R.","family":"da Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT\/I3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT NOVA), NOVA University Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2825-149 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9760-5983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Helena","family":"Godinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT\/I3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT NOVA), NOVA University Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2825-149 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9744-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriqueta","family":"Louro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"ToxOmics\u2014Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4503-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo J. 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