{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T06:43:19Z","timestamp":1777963399795,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["P2020\/COMPETE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2020\/COMPETE"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029343"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/05748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05748\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/05748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05748\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00081\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00081\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipid nanoparticles (LN) composed of biodegradable lipids and produced by green methods are candidates for the encapsulation of pesticides, potentially contributing to decreasing their release in the environment. From a safety-by-design concept, this work proposes LN for the encapsulation of insecticide active ingredients (AI). However, given the complexity of nanoparticles, ecotoxicological studies are often controversial, and a detailed investigation of their effects on the environment is required. Accordingly, this work aimed to produce and characterize LN containing the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin (LC) and evaluate their safety to crops (Solanum lycopersicum and Zea mays), soil invertebrates (Folsomia candida and Eisenia fetida), and soil microbial parameters. The average particle size for LN-loaded with LC (LN\u2013LC) was 165.4 \u00b1 2.34 nm, with narrow size distribution and negative charge (\u221238.7 \u00b1 0.954 mV). LN were able to encapsulate LC with an entrapment efficacy of 98.44 \u00b1 0.04%, maintaining the stability for at least 4 months. The LN\u2013LC showed no risk to the growth of crops and reproduction of the invertebrates. The effect on microbial parameters showed that the activity of certain soil microbial parameters can be inhibited or stimulated by the presence of LN at highest concentrations, probably by changing the pH of soil or by the intrinsic properties of LN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12152576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T03:21:16Z","timestamp":1658978476000},"page":"2576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Environmental Safety Assessments of Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with Lambda-Cyhalothrin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0399-4779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Ganilho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto, Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & INOV4AGRO, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia Bessa","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto, Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & INOV4AGRO, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4277-2212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto, Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & INOV4AGRO, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Thacilla Ingrid","family":"de Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Centre (CIQUP) & Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5645-7216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayara Roncaglia","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Centre (CIQUP) & Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8392-9581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Centre (CIQUP) & Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6857-5968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto, Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & INOV4AGRO, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3794-8159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Andreani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto, Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & INOV4AGRO, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemistry Research Centre (CIQUP) & Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CTAB) & INOV4AGRO, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124148","article-title":"Ecotoxicological and Regulatory Aspects of Environmental Sustainability of Nanopesticides","volume":"404","author":"Grillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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