{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:08:39Z","timestamp":1777892919778,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/BIO\/04469\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/BIO\/04469\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020","award":["UID\/BIO\/04469\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/BIO\/04469\/2013"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004"]}]},{"name":"BioTecNorte","award":["UID\/BIO\/04469\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/BIO\/04469\/2013"]}]},{"name":"BioTecNorte","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684"]}]},{"name":"BioTecNorte","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The potential of nanomaterials in food technology is nowadays well-established. However, their commercial use requires a careful risk assessment, in particular concerning the fate of nanomaterials in the human body. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), a nanofibrillar polysaccharide, has been used as a food product for many years in Asia. However, given its nano-character, several toxicological studies must be performed, according to the European Food Safety Agency\u2019s guidance. Those should especially answer the question of whether nanoparticulate cellulose is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. This raises the need to develop a screening technique capable of detecting isolated nanosized particles in biological tissues. Herein, the potential of a cellulose-binding module fused to a green fluorescent protein (GFP\u2013CBM) to detect single bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNC) obtained by acid hydrolysis was assessed. Adsorption studies were performed to characterize the interaction of GFP\u2013CBM with BNC and BCNC. Correlative electron light microscopy was used to demonstrate that isolated BCNC may be detected by fluorescence microscopy. The uptake of BCNC by macrophages was also assessed. Finally, an exploratory 21-day repeated-dose study was performed, wherein Wistar rats were fed daily with BNC. The presence of BNC or BCNC throughout the GIT was observed only in the intestinal lumen, suggesting that cellulose particles were not absorbed. While a more comprehensive toxicological study is necessary, these results strengthen the idea that BNC can be considered a safe food additive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12152605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T22:43:26Z","timestamp":1659048206000},"page":"2605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Tracking Bacterial Nanocellulose in Animal Tissues by Fluorescence Microscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0311-5482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Mota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Silva-Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"L\u00edgia","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1148-2159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IBMC\u2014Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Dourado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5655-0015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Gama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1832440","article-title":"Nanocellulose: A promising green treasure from food wastes to available food materials","volume":"62","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. 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