{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T01:29:13Z","timestamp":1760318953295,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Spain\u2019s Ministry for the Economy and Business-MINECO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAT2016-78155-C2-1-R","PID2020-113558RB-C41","AYUD\/2021\/50997","UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2016-78155-C2-1-R","PID2020-113558RB-C41","AYUD\/2021\/50997","UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAT2016-78155-C2-1-R","PID2020-113558RB-C41","AYUD\/2021\/50997","UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2016-78155-C2-1-R","PID2020-113558RB-C41","AYUD\/2021\/50997","UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011941","name":"Government of the Principality of Asturias","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAT2016-78155-C2-1-R","PID2020-113558RB-C41","AYUD\/2021\/50997","UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2016-78155-C2-1-R","PID2020-113558RB-C41","AYUD\/2021\/50997","UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011941","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAT2016-78155-C2-1-R","PID2020-113558RB-C41","AYUD\/2021\/50997","UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2016-78155-C2-1-R","PID2020-113558RB-C41","AYUD\/2021\/50997","UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"IMS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAT2016-78155-C2-1-R","PID2020-113558RB-C41","AYUD\/2021\/50997","UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2016-78155-C2-1-R","PID2020-113558RB-C41","AYUD\/2021\/50997","UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present work aims to explore steam activation of sisal or glucose-derived acid-chars as an alternative to KOH activation to prepare superactivated carbons, and to assess the adsorption performance of acid-chars and derived activated carbons for pharmaceuticals removal. Acid-chars were prepared from two biomass precursors (sisal and glucose) using various H2SO4 concentrations (13.5 M, 12 M, and 9 M) and further steam-activated at increasing burn-off degrees. Selected materials were tested for the removal of ibuprofen and iopamidol from aqueous solution (kinetic and equilibrium assays) in single-solute conditions. Activated carbons prepared from acid-char carbonized with 13.5 M and 12 M H2SO4 are mainly microporous solids composed of compact rough particles, yielding a maximum surface area and a total pore volume of 1987 m2 g\u22121 and 0.96 cm3 g\u22121, respectively. Solid state NMR reveals that steam activation increased the aromaticity degree and amount of C=O functionalities. Steam activation improved the acid-chars adsorption capacity for ibuprofen from 20-65 mg g\u22121 to higher than 280 mg g\u22121, leading to fast adsorption kinetics (15\u201320 min). The maximum adsorption capacities of selected activated samples for ibuprofen and iopamidol were 323 and 1111 mg g\u22121, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12193480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T23:31:43Z","timestamp":1665358303000},"page":"3480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Steam Activation of Acid-Chars for Enhanced Textural Properties and Pharmaceuticals Removal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3082-9851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetiana S.","family":"Hubetska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo-CINN, Avda. Juli\u00e1n Claver\u00eda, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"A.V. Dumansky Institute of Colloid and Water Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Blvd. Akad. Vernads\u2019koho, 42, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5251-4773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana S.","family":"Mestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1740-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8181-1451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia G.","family":"Kobylinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.V. Dumansky Institute of Colloid and Water Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Blvd. Akad. Vernads\u2019koho, 42, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine"}]},{"given":"Ana P.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1740-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"POSEIDON (June 2004) (2022, September 05). Assessment of Technologies for the Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Sewage and Drinking Water Facilities to Improve the Indirect Potable Water Reuse. Available online: https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/EVK1-CT-2000-00047."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Carter, W.C., and Brown, B.R. (2013). Ibuprofen in the aquatic environment: Occurrence, ecotoxicity and water remediation technologies. 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