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2020 and Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50020\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020 and Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["UIDP\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50020\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020 and Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020 and Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020 and Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["FCT\/MCTES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT\/MCTES"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanomaterials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vegetable supply in the world is more than double than vegetable intake, which supposes a significant waste of vegetables, in addition to the agricultural residues produced. As sensitive food products, the reasons for this waste vary from the use of only a part of the vegetable due to its different properties to the product appearance and market image. An alternative high-added-value application for these wastes rich in cellulose could be the reduction in size to produce lignocellulose micro- and nanofibrils (LCMNF). In this sense, a direct treatment of greengrocery waste (leek, lettuce, and artichoke) to produce LCMNFs without the extraction of cellulose has been studied, obtaining highly concentrated suspensions, without using chemicals. After drying the wastes, these suspensions were produced by milling and blending at high shear followed by several passes in the high-pressure homogenizer (up to six passes). The presence of more extractives and shorter fiber lengths allowed the obtention of 5\u20135.5% leek LCMNF suspensions and 3.5\u20134% lettuce LCMNF suspensions, whereas for artichoke, only suspensions of under 1% were obtained. The main novelty of the work was the obtention of a high concentration of micro- and nanofiber suspension from the total waste without any pretreatment. These high concentrations are not obtained from other raw materials (wood or annual plants) due to the clogging of the homogenizer, requiring the dilution of the sample up to 1% or the use of chemical pretreatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12244499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T02:05:02Z","timestamp":1671501902000},"page":"4499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Valorization of Vegetable Waste from Leek, Lettuce, and Artichoke to Produce Highly Concentrated Lignocellulose Micro- and Nanofibril Suspensions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1729-3386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Sanchez-Salvador","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0113-170X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana P.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2013Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1134-1743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida S. C. A.","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2895-4343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Negro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4520-2477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Concepcion","family":"Monte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Yaidelin A.","family":"Manrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2013Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9133-2187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2013Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6820-7698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angeles","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2003). Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases: Report of a Joint WHO\/FAO Expert Consultation, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2022, July 15). Food-Based Dietary Guidelines. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/nutrition\/education\/food-dietary-guidelines\/home\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalmpourtzidou, A., Eilander, A., and Talsma, E.F. (2020). Global vegetable intake and supply compared to recommendations: A systematic review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061558"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishangulyyev, R., Kim, S., and Lee, S.H. (2019). Understanding Food Loss and Waste\u2014Why Are We Losing and Wasting Food?. 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